I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS,! 
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Mhap.. oparigM A'o.».0.£.-. 

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| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



THE SATIRES 



OF 



A. PERSIUS FLACCUS 



EDITED BY 

BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, Ph.D. (Gottingen), LL.D., 

PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. 




tO 60 f ~ j 



NEW YORK: 

HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 

FRANKLIN SQUARE. 

1875. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 

Harper & Brothers, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE. 



The text of this edition of Persius is in the main 
that of Jahn's last recension (1868). The few changes 
are discussed in the Notes and recorded in the Critical 
Appendix. 

In the preparation of the Notes I have made large 
use of Jahn's standard edition, without neglecting the 
commentaries of Casaubon, Konig, and Heinrich, or the 
later editions by Maeleane, Pretor, and Conington, or 
such recent monographs on Persius as I have been able 
to procure. Special obligations have received special 
acknowledgment. 

My personal contributions to the elucidation of Per- 
sius are too slight to warrant me in following the prev- 
alent fashion and cataloguing the merits of my work 
under the modest guise of aims and endeavors. I shall 
be content, if I have succeeded in making Persius less 
distasteful to the general student ; more than content, 
if those who have devoted long and patient study to 



IV PREFACE. 

this difficult author shall accord me the credit of an 
honest effort to make myself acquainted with the poet 
himself as well as with his chief commentators. 

In compliance with the wish of the distinguished 
scholar at whose instance I undertook this work, Pro- 
fessor Charles Short, of Columbia College, New York, 
I have inserted references to my Latin Grammar and 
to the Grammar of Allen and Greenough, here and 
there to Madvig. 

B. L. GlLDERSLEEVE. 
University op Virginia, February, 1875. 



CONTENTS. 



Page 

Introduction . . . vii 

A. Persii Flacci Saturarum Liber 39 

Vita Persii 65 

Notes 71 

Critical Appendix 207 

Index r 211 



Quando cerco uome di gusto, vado ad Orazio, il piu amabile; 
quando ho hisogno di bile contra le umane ribalde?He, visito Giove- 
nale, il phi splendido; quando mi studio dresser onesto, vivo con 
Persio, il piu saggio, e con infinito piacere mescolato di vergogna 
bevo li dettati della ragione su le labbva di questo verecondo e 
santissimo giovanetto. Vincenzo Monti. 



^vviaravTO ol fiev wg tovtov, ol d' tog eKEivov ttXtjv /xovov rov 
'Iwvog " liceivog dk jxsgov kavrbv kfyvkaTTZv. AOTKIANOT. . 



Persius das rechte Ideal eines hoffartigen unci mattherzigen 
der Poesie bejlissenen Jungen. Mommsen. 



INTRODUCTION. 



An ancient Vita JPersii, of uncertain authorship, of evi- 
dent authenticity, gives all that it is needful for us to 
know about our poet — much more than is vouchsafed to 
us for the rich individuality of Lucilius, much more than 
we can divine for the unsubstantial character of Juvenal. 

Aulus Persius Flaccus was born on the day before the 
nones of December, A.IT.C. 78V, A.D. 34, at Volaterrae, in 
Etruria. That Luna in Liguria was his birthplace is a 
false inference of some scholars from the words mewn 
mare in a passage of the sixth satire, where he describes 
his favorite resort on the Riviera. 

The family of Persius belonged to the old Etruscan no- 
bility, and more than one Persius appears in inscriptions 
found at Volaterrae. Other circumstances make for his 
Etruscan origin : the Etruscan form of his name, Aules, 
so written in most MSS. of his Life ; the Etruscan name 
of his mother, Sisennia ; the familiar spitefulness of his 
mention of Arretium, the allusions to the Tuscan harusr 
pex, to the Tuscan pedigree ; the sneering mention of the 
Umbrians — fat-witted folk, who lived across the Tuscan 
border. Most of these, it is true, are minute points, and 
would be of little weight in the case of an author of wider 
vision, but well-nigh conclusive in a writer like Persius, 
who tried to make up for the narrowness of his personal 
experience by a microscopic attention to details. 

Persius belonged to the same sphere of society as Mae- 
cenas. Like Maecenas an Etruscan, he was, like Maecenas, 



Vlll INTRODUCTION. 

an eques JRomanus, The social class of which he was a 
member did much for Roman literature ; Etruria's con- 
tributions were far less valuable, and Mommsen is right 
when he recognizes in both these men, so unlike in life 
and in principle — the one a callous wordling, the other a 
callow philosopher — the stamp of their strange race* a 
race which is a puzzle rather than a mystery. Indeed, 
the would-be mysterious is one of the most salient points 
in the style of Persius as in the religion of the Etruscans, 
and Persius's elaborate involution of the commonplace is 
parallel with the secret wisdom of his countrymen. The 
minute detail of the Etruscan ritual has its counterpart 
in the minute detail of Persius's style, and the want of a 
due sense of proportion and a certain coarseness of lan- 
guage in our author remind us of the defects of Etruscan 
art and the harshness of the Etruscan tongue. 

Persius was born, if not to great wealth, at least to an 
ample competence. His father died when the poet was 
but six years old, and his education was conducted at 
Volaterrae under the superintendence of his mother and 
her second husband, Fusius. For the proper appreciation 
of the career of Persius, it is a fact of great significance 
that he seems to have been very much under the influ- 
ence of the women of his household. To this influence 
he owed the purity of his habits ; but feminine training 
is not without its disadvantages for the conduct of life. 
For social refinement there is no better school; but the 
pet of the home circle is apt to make the grossest blun- 
ders when he ventures into the larger w T orld of no man- 
ners, and attempts to use the language of outside sinners. 
And so, when Persius undertakes to rebuke the effemi- 
nacy of his time, he outbids the worst passages of Hor- 
ace and rivals the most lurid indecencies of Juvenal. 

When Persius was tw T elve years old he went to Rome, 



INTRODUCTION. IX 

as Horace and Ovid had done before him, for the purpose 
of a wider and higher education, and was put to school 
with Verginius Flaccus, the rhetorician, and Remmius 
Palaemon, the grammarian. Verginius Flaccus was ex- 
iled from Rome by Nero, with Musonius Rufus, on ac- 
count of the prominence which he had achieved as a 
teacher, and Quintilian quotes him as an authority in his 
profession. Remmius Palaemon, the other teacher of Per- 
sius, a man of high attainments and low principles, was 
one of the most illustrious grammarians of a time when 
grammarians could be illustrious. A freedman, with a 
freedman's character, he was arrogant and vain, grasping 
and prodigal— in short, a Sir Epicure Mammon of a pro- 
fessor. But his prodigious memory, his ready flow of 
words, his power of improvising poetry, attracted many 
pupils during his prolonged life, and after his death he 
was cited with respect by other grammarians — a rare 
apotheosis among that captious tribe. The first satirical 
efforts of ingenuous youth are usually aimed at their pre- 
ceptors, and the verses which Persius quotes in the First 
Satire are quite as likely to be from the school of Palae- 
mon as from the poems of Nero. 

But the true teacher of Persius, the man to whom he 
himself attributed whatever progress he made in that 
'divine philosophy' which deals at once with the consti- 
tution of the universe and the conduct of life — his ' spir- 
itual director,' to' use the language of Christian ascetics 
— was Cornutus. Persius is one of those literary celeb- 
rities whose title to fame is not beyond dispute ; and 
while some maintain his right to high distinction on the 
ground of intrinsic merit, others seek with perhaps too 
much avidity for the accidents to which he is supposed 
to owe his renown. If it is necessary to excuse, as it 
were, his reputation, the relation of Persius to Cornutus 

A2 



X INTRODUCTION. 

might go far to explain the care which schoolmasters 
have taken of the memory of the poet. No matter how 
crabbed the teacher may be, how austere the critic, the 
opening of the Fifth Satire, with its warm tribute to the 
guide of his life and the friend of his heart, calls up the 
image of the ideal pupil, and touches into kindred the 
brazen bowels of Didymus. 

Lucius Annaeus Cornutus, of Leptis in Africa, was a 
philosopher, grammarian, and rhetorician. It has been 
conjectured that he was a freedman of the literary family 
of the Annaei; and this is rendered probable by the fact 
that Annaeus Lucanus, the nephew of Annaeus Seneca, was 
his pupil. The year of his life and the year of his death 
are alike unknown. He was banished from Rome by 
Nero because he had ventured to suggest that Nero's 
projected epic on Roman history would be too long if 
drawn out to four hundred books, and that the imperial 
poem would find no readers. When one of Nero's flat- 
terers rejoined that Chrysippus was a still more volumi- 
nous author, Cornutus had the bad taste to point out the 
practical importance of the writings of Chrysippus in 
contrast with Nero's unpractical project ; and Nero, who 
had a poet's temper, if not a poet's gifts, sent him to an 
island, there to revise his literary judgment. Cornutus 
was not only a man of various learning in philosophy, 
rhetoric, and grammar, but a tragic poet of some note, 
and perhaps a satirist. Whether the jumble that bears 
the name of Cornutus or Phurnutus, De JVatwa Deorum, 
is in any measure traceable to our Cornutus, is not perti- 
nent to our subject. Of more importance to us than his 
varied attainments is his pure and lofty character, which 
made him worthy of the ardent affection with which Per- 
sius clung to his ' Socratic bosom.' It is recorded to his 
honor that Persius having bequeathed to him his library 



INTRODUCTION. , XI 

and a considerable sum of money, he accepted the books 
only, and relinquished the money to the family of Persius. 
Nor did he cease his loving care for his friend after his 
ashes, but revised his satires, and suppressed the less ma- 
ture performances of the young poet. 

The social circle in which Persius moved was not wide. 
The mark of the beast called Coterie, which is upon the 
foreheads of the most plentifully belaurelled Roman poets, 
is on his brow also. But it must be said that the men 
whom he associated with belonged to the chosen few of 
a corrupt time, albeit they would have been of more serv- 
ice to their country if they had not recognized themselves 
so conspicuously as the elect. The Stoic salon in which 
Persius lived and moved and had his being reminds M. 
Martha of a Puritan household ; it reminds us of the se- 
questered Legitimist opposition to the France of yester- 
day. We are so apt to see parallels when we are well 
acquainted with but one of the lines — or with neither. 

Let us pass in review some of the associates and ac- 
quaintances of Persius. 

Among his early friends was Caesius Bassus, to whom 
the Sixth Satire is addressed : an older contemporary, who 
had studied with the same master, next to Horace, by a 
long remove, among the Roman lyrists. To his fellow- 
pupils belong Calpurnius, who is more than doubtfully 
identified with the author of the Bucolics ; and Lucan 
(Annaeus Lucanus), the poet of the Pharsalia, who shared 
with him the instructions of Cornutus, and is said to have 
shown the most fervent admiration of the genius of his 
school-fellow. We are told that when the First Satire was 
recited, Lucan exclaimed that these were true poems. 
Whether he accompanied this encomium with a dispar- 
agement of his own performances, or simply had reference 
to the modest disclaimer of Persius's Prologue, as Jahn is 



Xll INTRODUCTION. 

inclined to think, does not appear. The anecdote is in 
perfect keeping with the perfervid Spanish temper of Lu- 
can and Lucan's family. But this momentary burst of 
admiration is no indication of any genuine sympathy be- 
tween the effusive and rhetorical Cordovan and the shy, 
philosophical Etruscan. Nominally they belonged to the 
same school — the Stoic ; but Persius was ready to resist 
unto blood, Lucan's Stoicism was a mere parade. 

While this anecdote leaves us in suspense as to the re- 
lations between Lucan and Persius, we have express evi- 
-dence that there was no sympathy between Persius and 
Seneca. They met, we are informed, but the poet took 
little pleasure in the society of the essayist. This is not 
the place to attempt a characteristic of this famous writ- 
er, who, like Persius, leaves few readers indifferent. Once 
the idol of the moralists — who of all old birds are the most 
easily caught with chaff — Seneca has fallen into compara- 
tive disfavor within the last few decades ; yet sometimes 
a vigorous champion starts up to do battle for him, such as 
Farrar in England, and, with more moderation, Constant 
Martha in France ; and his cause is by no means hopeless 
if the advocate can keep his hearers from reading Seneca 
for themselves. It is impossible not to admire Seneca in 
passages ; it seems very difficult to retain the admiration 
after reading him continuously. The glittering phrase 
masks a poverty of thought ; * the belt with its broad 
gold covers a hidden wound.' To Persius, the youthful 
Stoic, with his high purpose and his transcendental views 
of life, Seneca the courtier, the time-server, the adroit flat- 
terer, must have appeared little better than a hypocrite, 
or, which is worse to an ardent mind, a practical negation 
of his own aspirations. The young convert — and Per- 
sius's philosophy was Persius's religion — in the first glow 
of his enthusiasm, must have been repelled by the callous- 



INTRODUCTION. Xlll 

ness of the older professor of the same faith. And yet 
so strong was the impress of the age that Persius and 
Seneca are not so far asunder after all. To understand 
Persius we must read Seneca; and the lightning stroke 
of Caligula's tempestuous brain, harena sine calce, illumi- 
nates and shivers the one as well as the other. 

If the family of the Annaei did not prove congenial, 
there were others to whom Persius might look for sym- 
pathy and instruction. Such was M. Servilius Nonianus, 
a man of high position, of rare eloquence, of unsullied 
lame. Such Avas Plotius Macrinus, to whom the Second 
Satire is addressed, itself a eulogy. Even in his own fam- 
ily circle there were persons whose lofty characters have 
made them celebrated in history. His kinswoman Ar- 
ria, herself destined to become famous for her devotion 
to her husband, was the wife of Thrasea Paetus, and the 
daughter of that other Arria, whose supreme cry, non 
dolet, when she taught her husband how to meet his 
doom, is one of the most familiar speeches of a period 
when speech was bought with death. Thrasea, the hus- 
band of the younger Arria, was one of the foremost men 
of his time, and bore himself with a moderation which con- 
trasts strongly with the ostentatious virtue of some of 
the Stoic chiefs. He rebuked the vices of his time un- 
sparingly, but steadily observed the respect due to the 
head of the state ; and even when the decree w T as passed 
which congratulated Nero on the murder of his mother, 
he contented himself with retiring from the senate-house. 
But Thrasea's silent disapproval of one crime fired Nero 
to another, and his refusal to deprecate the w r rath of the 
emperor was the cause of his ruin — if that could be called 
ruin which he welcomed as he poured out his blood in 
libation to Jupiter the Liberator. 

That the familiar intercourse with such a man should 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

have inspired a youth of the education and the disposi- 
tion of Persius with still higher resolves and still higher 
endeavors is not strange. That it sufficed, as some say, 
to penetrate Persius with the sober wisdom of maturer 
years, and made up to him for the lack of personal expe- 
rience and artistic balance, is attributing more to associa- 
tion than association can accomplish. 

To Thrasea's influence Jahn ascribes Persius's juvenile 
essays in the preparation of praetextae, or tragedies with 
Roman themes, and it is not unlikely that a poetical de- 
scription of his travels (odonropiKuiv) referred to some little 
trip that he took with Thrasea. Thanks to Cornutus, 
this youthful production — which doubtless was nothing 
more than a weak imitation of Horace, or haply of Lucilius 
— was suppressed after the death of the author, and with 
it his praetexta, and a short poem in honor of the elder 
Arria also. 

The purity of Persius's morals, and the love which he 
bore his mother, his sister, his aunt, stand to each other 
reciprocally as cause and effect ; and the occasional crudi- 
ty of his language is, as we have already seen, the crudity 
of a bookish man, who thinks that the sure way to do a 
thing is to overdo it. Persius w T as a man of handsome 
person, gentle bearing, attractive manners, and added to 
the charm of his society the interest which always gath- 
ers about those whom the gods love. 

He died on his estate at the eighth milestone on the 
Appian Road, vitio stomachi, eight days before the kal- 
ends of December, A.TJ.C. 815 — A.D. 62 — in the twenty- 
eighth year of his age. 

Cornutus first revised the satires of his friend, and then 
gave them to Caesius Bassus to edit. The only impor- 
tant change that Cornutus made was the substitution of 
quis non for Mida rex (1, 121), a subject which is dis- 



INTRODUCTION. XV 

cussed in the Commentary. Other traces of wavering ex- 
pression and duplex recensio are due to the imagination 
of commentators, who attribute to the young poet a log- 
ical method and an exactness of development for which 
the style of Persius gives them no warrant. JRaro et tarde 
scripsi^the statement of the Life of Persius,explains much. 
The poems of Persius were received with applause as 
soon as they appeared, and the old Vita Persii would 
have us believe that people scrambled for the copies as 
if the pages were so many Sabine women. Quintilian, in 
his famous inventory of Greek and Roman literature, says 
that Persius earned a great deal of glory, and true glory, 
by a single book, and here and there the great scholar 
does Persius homage by imitating him ; and Martial holds 
up Persius with his one book of price, as a contrast to the 
empty bulk of a half-forgotten epic. But it would not 
be worth the while to repeat the list of the admirers of 
Persius in the ages of later Latinity. It suffices to say 
that he was the special favorite of the Latin Fathers. Au- 
gustin quotes or imitates him often, and Jerome is sat- 
urated with the phraseology of our poet. Commended 
to Christian teachers by the elevation of his moral tone, 
by the pithiness of his maxims and reflections, and the 
energy of his figures, he was set up on a high chair, a big 
school -boy, to teach other school -boys, and scarcely a 
voice was raised in rebellion for centuries. But since the 
time of the Scaligers, who were not to be kept back by 
any consideration for the feelings of the Fathers, there 
has been much unfriendly criticism of Persius ; and the 
world owes him a debt of gratitude for provoking an ani- 
mosity that has opened the way to a freer discussion of 
the literary merits of the authors of antiquity. To be 
subject all one's life through fear of literary death to the 
bondage of antique dullness, as well as to the thraldom 



XVI INTRODUCTION. 

of contemporary stupidity, would have been a sad result 
of the revival of letters. 

The first and last charge brought against Persius is his 
obscurity. Admitted by all, it is variously interpreted, 
variously excused, variously attacked. Now it is ac- 
counted for by the political necessities of the time. Now 
it is attributed, to the perverse ingenuity of the poet, 
which was fostered by the perverse tendencies of an age 
when, as Quintilian says, Pervasit iam multos ista persua- 
sio ut id iam demum eleganter dictum patent quod inter- 
pretandum sit. Some simply resolve the lack of clearness 
into the lack of artistic power; others intimate that the 
fault lies more in the reader than in the author, whose 
dramatic liveliness, which puzzles us, presented no diffi- 
culties to the critics of his own century. But the con- 
troversy is not confined to the obscurity of the satires. 
Persius is all debatable ground. Some admire the pithy 
sententiousness of the poet ; others sneer at his priggish 
affectation of superiority. Some point to the bookish 
reminiscences, which bewray the mere student ; others re- 
call the example of Ben Jonson, of Moliere, to show that 
in literature, as in life, the greatest borrowers are often 
the richest men, and bid us observe with what rare and 
vivid power he has painted every scene that he has wit- 
nessed with his own eyes. To some he is a copyist of 
copyists; to others his real originality asserts itself most 
conspicuously where the imitation seems to be the closest. 
Julius Scaliger calls him miserrimus auctor; Mr. Coning- 
ton notes his kindred to Carlyle. 

No critic has put the problem with more brutal frank- 
ness than M. Nisard, who, at the close of his flippant but 
suggestive chapter on Persius, asks the question, Y a-t-il 
profit d lire Perse? Though he makes a faint show of 
balancing the Ayes and Noes, it is very plain how he 



INTRODUCTION. XV11 

himself would vote. The impatient Frenchman is evi- 
dently not of a mind 'to read prefaces, biographies, mem- 
oirs, and commentaries on these prefaces, these biogra- 
phies, these memoirs, and notes on these commentaries, in 
order to form an idea that will haply be very false and 
assuredly very debatable, of a work about which no one 
will ever talk to you, and of a poet about whom you will 
never find any one to talk to.' But the question, which 
may be an open one to a critic, is not an open one to an 
editor; and editors of Persius are especially prone to value 
their author by the labor which he has cost them, by the 
material which they have gathered about the text. The 
thoughts are, after all, so common that parallels are to 
be found on every hand; the compass is so small that it 
is an easy matter to carry in thef memory every word, 
every phrase; and so-called illustrations suggest them- 
selves even to an ordinary scholar in bewildering num- 
bers, while the looseness of the connection gives ample 
scope to speculation. Hence the sarcasm of Joseph Scali- 
ger : JVon pidehra habet sed in eum pulcherrima possu- 
mus scribere y and the well-known criticism of the same 
scholar: Au Perse cle Casaubon la sendee vaut mieux que 
le poisson. But this artificial love on the part of the edi- 
tors has not contributed to the popularity of the author, 
and the youthful poet has been overlaid by his erudite 
commentators. Besides this disadvantage, Persius, when 
he is read at all, comes immediately after Juvenal, and, 
as if to enhance the contrast, is generally bound up with 
him ; and the homeliness of his tropes, the crabbedness 
of his dialogue, the roughness of his transitions repel the 
young student, who finds the riddance of the historical 
and archaeological work which Juvenal involves a poor 
compensation for the lack of the large manner and the 
dazzling rhetoric of the great declaimer. On the other 



XVlll INTRODUCTION. 

hand, maturer scholars have been found to reverse the 
popular verdict, and to say, with Mr. Simcox, that ' the 
shy, youthful fervor of the dutiful boy, combined with the 
literary honesty which kept Persius from writing any 
thing which was not a part of his permanent conscious- 
ness, makes him improve upon every reading, which is 
more than can be said of Juvenal, who writes as if he 
thought and felt little in the intervals of writing.' But, 
while it is easy to get tired of Juvenal, it is not so easy 
to become enamored of Persius ; and it must be admitted 
that the pleasure is questionable. Yet, in spite of M. 
Nisard, there is no real question about the utility of the 
study of the poet, who illustrates by what he does not 
say even more than by what he says the character of an 
age which is of supreme importance to the historian. 
Even if we put the study on lower ground, we must ad- 
mit that Persius's title to a prominent position in the an- 
nals of Roman literature is indefeasible. However desir- 
able it may be to get rid of him, an author who has left 
his impress on Rabelais and Ben Jonson, as well as on 
Montaigne and Boileau — an author whose poems have 
furnished so many quotations to modern letters, can not 
be dismissed from the necessities of a 'polite education' 
with a convenient sneer. Persius deserves our attention, 
if it were only as a problem of literary taste. 

To the end of the study of Persius, it is best to look 
away from the conflicting views of the critics, and to 
abandon the attempt to distinguish between the weight 
of facts and the momentum of rhetoric in the balanced 
antitheses of praise and blame. The position of the poet 
will be most accurately determined by the calculation of 
the statics of his department and his age. 

The Satire is the only extant form of Latin poetry that 
can lay claim to a truly national origin ; and the error 



INTRODUCTION. ' XIX 

into which the early historians of classical literature were 
led by the resemblance between the name of the Roman 
satire and the name of the Greek satyr-drama has long- 
been corrected. But the truth which this error involves, 
the connection between the comic drama and the satire, 
remains. The satire goes back to the popular source of 
comedy, and holds in solution all the elements which the 
Greeks combined into various forms of dramatic merri- 
ment. As the rhythmical movements, which culminate in 
such perfections as the dactylic hexameter and the iam- 
bic trimeter, are common to our whole race, and the rude 
Saturnian verse is one with the heroic, so the rustic songs 
of harvest and vintage are common to Greece and Italy ; 
and it is no marvel that, as the satire w T as working itself 
out to classic proportions, it should have felt its kindred 
to Greek comedy, and should have drawn its materials 
and its methods from that literature on which Roman 
literature in its other departments was more directly de- 
pendent. And so the satire, though a genuine growth 
of Italian soil, was none the less subject to Greek influ- 
ences. It was trained into Greek forms, it was permeated 
by Greek thought ; a*nd here as elsewhere the retransla- 
tion into Greek, of which the older commentators were so 
fond, is often the key to the meaning ; here as elsewhere 
our appreciation of the author, as a whole, is conditioned 
by our knowledge of Greek literature. 

Horace, the master of Roman satire, has more than once 
drawn the parallel between satire and comedy ; and Per- 
sius, who follows the literary, though not the philosoph- 
ical creed of his predecessor, aims even more distinctly 
than Horace does at reproducing the mimicry of comedy 
on the narrow stage of the satire. At the close of the 
First Satire he goes so far as to demand of his readers the 
intense study of the Old Attic Comedy as the preparation 



XX INTRODUCTION. 

for the enjoyment of his poems — an extraordinary de- 
mand, if we do not make due allowance for the rhetorical 
expression of high aims and earnest endeavors. A com- 
parison of the triumvirate of the comoedia prisca of Attica 
reveals little trace of direct influence, abundant evidence 
of extreme diversity in expression and conception. I say 
'expression,' not 'language.' It is true that the lan- 
guage of Persius has a virile tone, but the masculine en- 
ergy of his words is often out of keeping with the scho- 
lastic tameness of his thoughts. The breezy Pnyx of the 
Athenian and the stuffy lecticula lucubratoria of the Ro- 
man are not further apart than Aristophanes and Persius. 
The New Attic Comedy, the comedy of situation and 
manners, furnished themes that lay nearer to the genius 
of Persius, although the grace of a Menander was much 
further from his grasp than from Terence, the half-Menan- 
der of Caesar's epigram. One passage is all but trans- 
lated from Menander's Eunuch ; and if Persius did not 
borrow traits for his picture of the miser and the spend- 
thrift from the master of the New Comedy, it was not for 
lack of models. Indeed, so unreal is Persius, with all the 
realism of his language, that one 'of the most striking 
features of his poems — the opposition to the military — 
loses somewhat of its significance when we remember 
that the Macedonian period, to which the New Comedy 
belongs, is crowded with typical soldiers of fortune, with 
their coarse love of sensual pleasure — their coarse con- 
tempt of every thing that can not be eaten, drunk, or 
handled. Every line of Persius's centurion can be repro- 
duced from the Greek ; and although it would be going 
too far to say that there was no counterpart to his sketch 
in his own experience, although, on the contrary, Persius 
seems to have verified by actual observation whatever he 
learned from books, the historical value of his portrait is 



INTRODUCTION. XXI 

very much reduced by the existence of the Greek type. 
As a specimen of a kind of clerico-political opposition to 
an empire which its enemies might call an empire of brute 
force and military mechanism, the hostility of Persius to 
a class whose predominance was making itself felt more 
and more is not without its point and interest, and it is 
unfortunate that we have to leave its reality in suspense. 

Yet another form of the comic drama was the Mime, 
and we have the explicit statement of Joannes Lydus that 
Persius imitated the famous mimographer, Sophron ; and 
although the fragments of Sophron are so scanty that this 
statement can not be verified, it is not without its intrin- 
sic probability. The mimetic power of Sophron is noto- 
rious, and Persius might well have taken lessons from the 
man whom Plato acknowledged as his master. The dia- 
logue, thus borrowed from the mime, became the artistic 
form of philosophic composition, and, as Persius's Satires 
are essentially moral treatises, it is not surprising that he 
should have made large use of the same machinery. Plato 
himself furnished the movement for two of his essays, and 
we can detect a community of models between Persius 
and some of the later Greek writers. Lucian, the mer- 
curial, and Persius, the saturnine, often work on the same 
theme, each in his way ; and when the dialogue is drop- 
ped, and the bustle of the drama is succeeded by the ef- 
fects of the scene-painter's craft, we are reminded of an- 
other group of copyists, and find all the picturesque de- 
tail for which Persius is so famous in the letters of Al- 
kiphron and Aristainetos, themselves far-off echoes of the 
New Comedy. 

Surely these are originals enough, the Attic Comedy, 
the Mime, Sophron and Plato, Menander and Philemon. 
But we find other models nearer home, and, passing by 
the reflections of Greek comedy in Plautus and Terence, 



XX11 INTRODUCTION. 

its refractions in Afranius and Pomponius, we come to the 
satiric exemplars of Persius — Lucilius and Horace. JSiox 
ut a scholis et magistris divertit, lecto libro Lucilii decimo, 
vehementer saturas conponere institidt. This statement 
of the old Vita Persii is much more consonant with the 
character of Persius than his own affected mirthfulness. 
His ' saucy spleen ' had as little to do with his verse- 
writing as righteous indignation with the rhetorical out- 
pouring of Juvenal. His laughter was as much a part of 
the conventionalities of the satire as the Camena was of 
his confidences to Cornutus. School-boys all imitate cir- 
cus-riders ; here and there one mimics the clown ; and 
Persius, who had not outgrown the tendencies of boy- 
hood, straightway began to make copies of verses in the 
manner of Lucilius. At the same time he was too much 
under the influence of Horace to follow Lucilius in his 
negligences, and too little master of the form to strike the 
mean between slovenly dictation and painful composition. 
As an imitator of Lucilius he boldly lashes men of straw 
where Lucilius flogged Lupus and Mucius, and breaks his 
milk-teeth on Alkibiades and Dama where Lucilius broke 
his jaw-teeth on living and moving enemies. As an imi- 
tator of Horace he appropriates the garb of Horatian 
diction ; but the easy movement of roguish Flaccus is 
lost, and the stiff stride of the young Stoic betrays him 
at every turn. 

As in the case of the Old Attic Comedy, Persius's intel- 
lectual affinity with Lucilius was purely imaginary ; and 
for the purposes of this study it is unnecessary to repro- 
duce the lines of Horace's portrait of the ' great nursling 
of Aurunca,' or to attempt to form a mosaic out of the 
chipped chips of Lucian Mtiller's recent collection. The 
wide range of theme, the manly carelessness of style, the 
bold criticism, the bright humor, the biting wit — in short, 



INTRODUCTION. XX111 

almost every characteristic of Lucilius that we can distin- 
guish, shows how little kindred there must have been be- 
tween the two men. The dozen scattered verses of the 
Tenth Book of Lucilius, which is said to have suggested 
the theme of the First Satire of Persius, and the fragments 
of the Fourth Book, which is imitated by Persius in his 
Third Satire, though more significant, give us no clew to 
the manner or the extent of his indebtedness. Here and 
there a verse, a hemistich, a jingle may have been taken 
from Lucilius, and he may have enriched his vocabulary 
here and there from Lucilius's store of drastic words ; but 
his obligations to Lucilius, real and imaginary, are all as 
nothing in comparison with the large drafts which he 
drew on the treasury of Horace. 

The obligations of Persius to Horace have been the 
theme of all the editors. The scholiasts themselves have 
quoted parallels, and Casaubon has written a special trea- 
tise on the subject, and commentators, with almost child- 
ish rivalry, have vied with each other in noting verbal co- 
incidences and similar trains of thought. The fact of the 
imitation is too evident to need proof, and it would have 
been much more profitable to examine the causes and 
significance of this dependence, and to study the modifi- 
cations of the language and the thought as they passed 
through the alembic of Persius's brain, than to multiply 
examples of words and phrases that are common, not only 
to Horace and Persius, but to the language of every-day 
life. Indeed, some go so far as to make Persius quibble 
on Horace ; and ' How green you are,' of the modern 
street, and ' What means that trump ?' of the modern 
card-table, are as much Shakespearian as some of Per- 
sius's ' borrowings ' are Horatian. 

Horace had long been a classic when Persius dodged 
his school-tasks and was a dab at marbles. Indeed, noth= 



XXIV INTRODUCTION. 

ing is more remarkable about Roman literature than the 
rapidity with which the images of its Augustan heroes 
took on the patina of age. The half-century that lay be- 
tween Horace and Persius drew itself out to a distant 
perspective, and Virgil and Horace had all the authority 
of veteres. They not only dictated the forms of poetry, 
but permeated and dominated prose. True, the hostility 
to Virgil and Horace had not ceased ; the antiquarii were 
not dead ; but the ground had been shifted. The admir- 
ers of republican poetry in the time of Horace were re- 
publicans — in the time of Persius they were imperialists; 
and the maintenance of the authors of the Augustan age 
as the true classics was a part of the programme of the 
opposition. The court literature of the Neronian period 
found its models in the earlier epic essays of Catullus 
rather than in the poems of Virgil. Virgil had modified 
the Greek norms to suit the Latin tongue; but these men 
went back of malice aforethought to the Greek standard, 
and emulated the proportions of the Greek versification 
of the Alexandrian period. They were impatient of the 
classic vocabulary, and found the classic rhythms tame; 
and so they betook themselves to the earlier language, 
and set it to more exact harmonies. It was no heresy 
with this set to consider Virgil at once light and rough. 
The mouth-filling words of the older and bolder period, 
marshaled in serried ranks, no gap, no break, as they 
kept time to a rhythmical cadence that was marked by 
all the music of consonance and assonance — this was the 
ideal of the school which Persius assailed, just as an ad- 
mirer of Pope or Goldsmith might assail the dominant 
poetry of our day, w T ith its sensuous melody and its 
revived archaisms. Surely the worshippers of recent 
poets might pause before accepting the narrow literary 
creed of Persius. But, not to imitate the example of Ni- 



INTKODUCTION. XXV 

sard, and indulge in dangerous parallelisms, it is sufficient 
for our purpose to note that Persius's close study of the 
language of Horace was not only a part of a liberal edu- 
cation, but a necessity of the school to which he belonged. 
If he was to write satire at all, he must needs take Hor- 
ace for his model. If he had written an epic, he would 
have taken Virgil. 

Besides this, we may boldly say that reminiscence is 
no robbery. The verses, the phrases, the arguments that 
we know by heart often become so wholly ours that they 
weave themselves unconsciously into the texture of our 
speech. We use them as convenient forms of expression, 
without the least thought of plagiarism. We quote them, 
thinking that they are as familiar to others as they are 
to ourselves. They constitute, as it were, a sympathetic 
medium between men of culture. And so Persius repeat- 
ed group after group of the words of Horace as innocent- 
ly as the Augustan poets translated their Greek models, 
and thought no more harm than did the Emperor Julian 
when he Platonized, or Thackeray when he transfused the 
classics that he learned at the Charter House into his own 
matchless English. That he did it to excess is not to be 
denied. He never learned the lesson of Apelles — what is 
enough. 

Having thus briefly disposed of those turns which are 
common to the Latin tongue, and those which ran freely 
into the pen of the writer, we have now to deal with a con- 
siderable number of passages in which the memory of Per- 
sius must have lingered over the words of Horace, in which 
his painstaking genius has hammered the thoughts of 
Horace into a more compact or a more angular utterance. 
To the majority of readers his condensations and his am- 
plifications will alike appear to be so many distortions of 
the original. So, notably, where he characterizes Horace 

B 



XXVI INTRODUCTION. 

himself, and substitutes for the simple naso adunco the 
puzzling excusso naso, where ' the dreams of a sick man ' 
become the ' dreams of a sick dotard,' where ' telling 
straight from crooked' is twisted into 'discerning: the 
straight line where it makes its way up between crooked 
lines,' and where he wrings from the natural phrase 'drink 
in with the ear' the odd combination 'bibulous ears.' 
In the longer passages the wresting is still more pro- 
nounced ; and those who refuse to take into consid- 
eration the moral attitude of Persius may well wonder 
at the perversity with which he distorts the lines and 
overcharges the colors of the original. But it is tolera- 
bly evident that, with all Persius's admiration of Horace 
as an artist, he felt himself immeasurably superior to 
him morally, and looked upon these adaptations and 
alterations as so much gained for the effect of his dis- 
course. The slyness of Horace might have answered 
well enough for his day and for the kind of vices that 
he reproved, but the depth over which Persius stood 
gave him a more than Stoic stature. Horace might have 
been content with a flute ; nothing less resonant than a 
trumpet would have suited the moral elevation of Persius. 
Horace is a consummate artist, and not less an artist in 
the conduct of his life than in the composition of his 
poems. Persius is the prototype of the sensational preach- 
er, and preachers of all centuries, from Augustin and Je- 
rome to Macleane and Meriv ale,' have had a weakness for 
him. 

Aside from the moral tone, which is enough to give a 
different ring to the most similar expressions in the two 
poets, there is an artistic difference of great significance 
in the handling of the dramatic element, which they both 
recognized as fundamental in the satire. The dramatic 
satires of Horace will not bear dislocation without de- 



INTRODUCTION. XXVli 

struction. In Persius the characters are always shifting, 
always fading away into an impersonal Tu. This may 
be partly due to the interval which he allowed to elapse 
between the periods of composition ; but it is possible 
that he recognized the limitation of his own powers, that 
his satires were intended to be a knotted thong, and not 
a smooth horsewhip. This piecemeal composition, be it 
the result of poverty or of economy, makes Persius the 
very author for 'Elegant Extracts.' Hence it is not hard 
to defend him, as it is not hard to defend Seneca, and on 
similar grounds. Single verses ring in the ear for months 
and years. What line, for instance, more quoted than 

Tecum habita : noris quam sit tibi curta supellex ? 
What line sinks deeper than the sombre verse, 
Virtutem videant intabescantque relicta ? 

Single scenes, whether of dialogue or of description, pos- 
sess every requirement of dramatic vividness. On every 
page of the commentary we call him bookish, and yet his 
pictures stand out from the canvas with a boldness which 
makes us concede that his books did not keep him from 
seeing, if they did not teach him to see, what was going 
on around him. What is not a little remarkable in so 
young a man is the honesty of his painting. A home- 
keeping youth, Persius gives us living pictures of what 
he saw at home, whether at Rome, at Volaterrae, or at 
Luna; in the school -room, in the lecture - room, in the 
court of justice, on the wharf, at the country cross-roads. 
He has watched the carpenter stretching his line, the 
potter whirling his wheel, the physician adjusting his 
scales. He has heard the horse-laugh of the burly cen- 
turion, and shivered ; has heard, with a young Stoic sneer, 
a cooing and mincing declaimer. He knows all about ink 
and paper and parchment and reeds ; he has not outlived 



XXV111 INTRODUCTION. 

his knowledge of marbles, and one might fancy that the 
lustral spittle of his aunty was still fresh on his brow. 
The fact that there is no breeziness about his poems, 
nothing that tells us of the liberal air beyond, is another 
sign of his truthfulness. His life is like his own ' ever re- 
treating bay ' of the Sixth Satire, with the cliffs of Stoic 
philosophy between him and the wintry sea without. Ar- 
retium he knows — it was not so far from Volaterrae — and 
Bovillae, in the neighborhood of which he had a farm, 
and Luna, and the world of Rome ; but the rest of his 
geography is in the inane. Horace, on the other hand, 
ambles all over Italy, and treats us every now and then 
to a foreign tour with the air of a man who had run 
across the sea in his time; and even if he who takes us in 
his sweeping flight from Cadiz to Ganges be not the real 
Juvenal,, the undisputed Juvenal has a far wider geo- 
graphical outlook than Persius. This very limitation is 
one of the best signs of the artistic worth of Persius, and 
justifies the regret that he had not made himself the 
Crabbe of Roman poetry. 

We have seen that Persius was not slavishly depend- 
ent on Horace, assimilated the material that he derived 
from him, raised the worldly wisdom of Horace to the 
ideal standard of the Stoic, and followed a different canon 
of dramatic art. To this we may add that Persius, with 
a certain aristocratic disdain of conventionalities, goes 
deeper into the current of vulgar diction than the freed- 
man's son dared. Persius felt that he could afford to talk 
slang, and he talked it ; and the commentators have found 
it necessary to hold Petronius in the left hand, as well as 
Horace in the right. 

We now proceed to yet another formal element, which 
is no less significant to the close student of antique liter- 
ature. The Roman handling of the hexameter was arti- 



INTRODUCTION. XXIX 

ficial in the extreme. Reasoning backward from the 
Latin hexameter, scholars have been prone to transfer 
the conscious symbolism of the Roman poets to the Greek 
originals; and if they had stopped, say, at Apollonius 
Rhodius, they might have been justified, for in the later 
Greek poets something of the sort is not to be denied. 
But the healthier period of Greek poetic art was lifted 
far above such toying adaptations of sound to sense as 
commentators still discover in Homer when they enlarge 
on the symbolism of this or that spondaic verse, the beau- 
ty of this or that combination of diaeresis and caesura. A 
recent comparison of Homer with his successors has shown 
that, of all the spondaic verses in Homer, scarcely one in 
a hundred can be traced to any ' picturesque ' motive, 
and the rapid movement of so many five-dactyl hexame- 
ters is simply the normal pace of the verse. When we 
come to Latin metres, however, we must take a different 
standard, and recognize a conscious modification of the 
Greek rule. The Ovidian pentameter of the best period 
— to cite a familiar instance — is subject to minute laws, 
which are transgressed at every turn in Greek elegiac 
poetry, and the different ideals of Persius and Horace are 
distinctly traceable in their treatment of the hexameter. 
Horace, as is well known, broke the lofty movement of 
the hexameter to suit the easy gait of the satire. Per- 
sius is more rhetorical than Horace, and, although he ad- 
mits elision with as great freedom as his master, his verse 
has a more mechanical structure than the verse of Hor- 
ace, and many of the conversational peculiarities of the 
Horatian hexameter are much less conspicuous in Persius. 
Horace weakens the caesura, employs a great number of 
spondaic words, and neglects the variety at which the 
epic aims ; and perhaps the trained ear of a determined 
scholar might hear in the jog-trot of his satiric rhythms 



XXX INTRODUCTION. 

the hoofs of his bob-tailed mule and the lazy flapping of 
his portmanteau. Persius, on the other hand, hammers 
out his thoughts in a far more orthodox cadence. Com- 
paring the first six hundred and fifty verses of the first 
book of the satires of Horace with the six hundred and 
fifty verses of Persius, we find that more than eight per 
cent, have five spondees against less than five per cent, in 
Persius. The so-called third trochee or feminine caesura 
of the third foot is found in one of ten of Horace's hexam- 
eters, and only in one of twenty-six in Persius — a low pro- 
portion even for a Latin poet. Still more striking is the 
rare use which Persius makes of the masculine caesura of 
the sixth foot, with its consequent monosyllabic close. 
Aside from all idle symbolism, this arrangement, which is 
comparatively common in Horace, gives the verse a cer- 
tain familiar roughness, especially where the final word 
forces a union with the following line. These diversities 
can not be accidents, and serve to show that, although 
Persius might weave himself a garment from the dyed 
threads of Horatian diction, he was not bold enough to 
w T ear the discincta tunica of Horace's Muse. But we must 
not forget to be just, and it is only fair to add that such 
a garb would have been as inappropriate to his severe 
and lofty, though narrow spirit, as the Coan vestments of 
Ovid's ' kept goddess ' — if we may borrow the deesse entre- 
tenue of Heinrich Heine. 

A comparison of Persius with Juvenal — a favorite 
theme with editors — does not enter into the plan of this 
study. It suffices for our present purpose to note that 
the practiced rhetorician of the time of Trajan could not 
have shared Quintilian's admiration of his youthful pred- 
ecessor. The parallel passages which have been cited 
belong to the common stock of satirical strokes or to the 
thesaurus of proverbial phrases. Who can believe that 



INTRODUCTION. XXXI 

Juvenal took usque adeo from Persius, or borrowed from 
him the familiar vara avis? There are three or four 
touches in the Tenth Satire which recall some of the more 
striking expressions of Persius; but Ribbeck's objections 
to the genuineness of this sophistic declamation, if not- 
convincing, are at least sufficiently well founded to make 
us pause in citing them. In moral earnestness, Persius is 
as far superior to Juvenal as he is inferior to him in the 
rhetorical treatment of his themes ; and so 4ong as men 
will take into consideration this moral element, which 
modern critics are prone to eliminate from works of art, 
so long as they will say pectus est quod satiricum facit as 
well as quod theologiim, Persius will command a personal 
esteem which does not attach to the satires of Juvenal. 
The ingenious theory of Boissier, that the great satirist 
of the Caesars was a snubbed snob, brings out in still more 
striking contrast the figure of Persius as the reserved pro- 
vincial aristocrat, and may be worthy of a more ample 
development than it has yet received. But Juvenal is 
a dangerous theme. As M. Martha has admirably ob- 
served, Juvenal is an author whose declamatory tone has 
infected his eulogists; and those who are not carried 
away by an ' admiration which disfigures while it exalts,' 
may readily be tempted into the opposite extreme. Let 
us turn, then, to other matters which illustrate more di- 
rectly the character of our author's compositions. And 
first a word or two of Stoicism. 

With the strong practical tendencies of the Romans, 
the only systems of Greek philosophy that ever found 
large acceptance at Rome were the Epicurean and the 
Stoic ; and in the Stoic school the only doctrines that 
commanded much attention were the ethic. The subtle 
dialectic of the Stoics, of which we have some unjoyous 
specimens in Cicero's philosophical compilations, was not 



XXX11 INTRODUCTION. 

congenial to the Roman mind ; but the Stoic creed was 
the creed of the nobler spirits of the imperial time. Ex- 
cluded from public life, or, at all events, from the satis- 
factory exercise of public functions, the elect few took 
refuge in Stoic philosophy.* 

The object of Stoicism is by means of virtue and knowl- 
edge to make men independent of all without them, and 
happy in that independence. It is a pantheism : God re- 
vealed in every thing; God's law recognized in every 
thing; God the substance from which every thing pro- 
ceeds, to which every thing returns ; the Original Fire, 
from which every thing is born again. God is the all- 
pervasive Spirit, Fate, Providence. Obedience to his eter- 
nal laws constitutes virtue and happiness. Good and evil 
are to be measured by this standard. All that brings 
us toward this is Good ; all that carries us away from it 
is Evil. Every thing else is indifferent. 

In Grace or out of Grace, says the Christian ; or, as Cal- 
vin expresses it in his nervous language, Qui Christum 
dimidium habere vult, totum perdit. In Virtue or out of 
Virtue, says the Stoic. There is nothing between. The 
wise are perfectly wise ; the foolish are totally foolish. 
' There is not a half-ounce of rectitude in the fool.' The 
vicious man is as mad as Orestes — nay, madder. 

The difference between human beings is slight. Alki- 
biades, the high-born and the handsome, is no better than 
shriveled old Baukis, who makes her livelihood by selling 
greens. All external distinctions sink into utter insig- 
nificance by the side of this great contrast of knowledge 
and ignorance into which virtue and vice are resolved. 

All humanity is one people ; all the world one state ; 

* In this section of the Introduction I follow Zeller's Essay on Mar- 
cus Aurelius {Vortrdge u. Abhandlungen) so closely that some special 
acknowledgment seems to be necessary. 



INTRODUCTION. XXX111 

its ruler the Deity ; its constitution the eternal law of the 
universe. The more unconditionally a man submits to 
the guidance of this law, the more exclusively he seeks 
his happiness in virtue, the more independent he will be 
of all without him, the more contented in himself, and 
yet the readier to enter into communion with others, and 
to do his duty to the whole of which he is a part. 

But it is to be observed that the Stoicism of Persius, 
like the Stoicism of Marcus Antoninus, was of a softer, 
milder, more religious character than that of Zeno and 
Chrysippus ; and when the Stoic discourses on the noth- 
ingness of all earthly things, the ills of life, man's moral 
weakness, and his need of help, we hear language that 
reminds us now of the epistles of the New Testament, 
now of the doctrines of Buddha. ' The philosopher,' says 
Zeller, * is a physician for the soul, a priest and servant 
of the Deity among men, and this he shows by the most 
unlimited, devoted, unreserved philanthropy.' And not 
only so, but the Stoic does not disdain to make life bright- 
er in the social circle; and the Sixth Satire of our author, 
which Nisard considers to be a youthful escapade of the 
poet — qui s'evertue comme un ecolier qui sort de classe — 
is no less truly Stoic than the high-strung Third. 

In speaking of this subject it is difficult to keep from 
using the word religion, for the emotional element, which 
is so characteristic of religion, is not wanting in a system 
which is the popular synonym for suppression of emo- 
tion. This is the thesis which M. Martha has brought 
out into clear relief, and illumined by many apposite ex- 
amples — a thesis which will not be strange to those who 
have studied with any care the social aspects of the later 
life of antiquity. Under the empire morality was more 
than morality — it was a religion; and all the formulae 
of certain phases of Christian ascetics may be applied to 

B2 



XXXIV INTRODUCTION. 

the ethical side of Stoic philosophy. It is difficult to ap- 
proach the subject without seeming irreverence ; but the 
faith of the Christian must be far from robust who can 
shrink from a parallel that goes no farther than the ma- 
chinery — that does not involve the motive power. It is 
not the aim of this study to determine whether this paral- 
lelism is to be recognized as a praeparatio JEvangelica, or 
as the like result of similar forces at work in different 
systems of thought and belief. It is enough to present 
the parallelism, to excuse the phraseology. 

Our ancestors, at all events, were not afraid to recog- 
nize * natural Christians' in such men as Socrates, in sucli 
youths as Persius. Why, even Seneca figured for a long- 
time as St. Seneca; and Jeremy Taylor was following old 
example when he cited the Stoic as well as the Christian 
code. It is only one step from the recognition of this 
spiritual kindred to the recognition of the practical meth- 
ods of spiritual work as anticipated in the life of antiq- 
uity — practical methods which for our purposes are even 
better described by an unbeliever like Lucian than by a 
believer like Marcus Antoninus. In that age of transi- 
tion we find father confessors, private chaplains, mendi- 
cant friars, missions, revivals, conversions, ecstasies — all 
showing the deep needs of the human heart, which re- 
fused to be satisfied with the outworn gods of the Pan- 
theon, and, in ignorance of the divine Person, who alone 
can answer a personal love, sought solace in the mechan- 
ism of morality. In characterizing Cornutus, I have al- 
ready borrowed a phrase from M. Martha, and called 
him, as M.Martha calls Seneca, a spiritual director; and 
I have already ventured to call Persius a sensational 
preacher. His stock of philosophy or theology is not 
as large as some commentators suppose ; and all the 
elaborate attempts to show by the satires that Per- 



INTRODUCTION. XXXV 

sins was a thoroughly trained and consistent Stoic have 
failed. The most elementary knowledge of Stoic ethics 
is sufficient for the comprehension of Persius. Whatever 
else he knew he kept back for practical considerations. 
He sticks to the marrow of morality, and reiterates the 
cardinal doctrines of Stoicism with the vehemence of a 
Poundtext. This vehemence, this enthusiasm, may be 
explained by his youth, his Etruscan blood, his profes- 
sion as a moral reformer. A critic with M. Taine's re- 
sources might account for it by the climate of Volater- 
rae ; but, however it may be accounted for, certain it is 
that he himself is much impressed with the profundity 
of the doctrines which he professes ; that he warms and 
glows as he imparts to his auditors the great secret that 
they are not free because they are slaves to vice ; that a 
man who does not understand his relations to his Maker 
can not move a finger without sinning ; that in the flesh 
there is no good thing ; and that the anguish of a tortured 
conscience is the worst of hells. But the difficulties of 
Persius are not due to recondite Stoic thought, and can 
not be cleared up by reference to Stoic philosophy. The 
trouble lies in the slangy expressions, the lack of organic 
development, the restless zeal to force his message home 
to the heart of every hearer, and the consequent shifting 
of the personages of his dialogue to suit the cases as they 
rose before his mind. 

Persius, then, was a preacher of Stoicism — Stoicism, at 
once the philosophy and the religion of a time when se- 
rious and noble natures had no city of refuge except in 
their inmost selves, when the only possible activity seemed 
to be submission to the inevitable. The hydrostatic press- 
ure of the imperial time forced all the better elements into 
this mould ; and in so far Persius bears the stamp of his 
period, and the very absence of political and personal allu- 



XXXVI INTRODUCTION. 

sions shows how imperfect life must have been. But one 
school of commentators, headed by Casaubon, and repre- 
sented to-day in Germany by Lehmann, in England by 
Pretor, see in Persius much more than a disciple of the 
Stoa; and the satires of our author — especially the First 
and Fourth — are supposed to be full of more or less ob- 
lique references to Nero's person, his habits, his literary 
pretensions, his aristocratic birth. At one time it seemed 
as if this thesis, which was suggested by the scholiast, had 
been abandoned, but the field for historical ingenuity is 
too tempting ; and one of the vaguest of all the satires, 
the Fifth, has been discovered by Lehmann to be full of 
the most stinging allusions to Nero. It is not enough 
to grant to this school that Nero, as the type of his age, 
may have been present to the mind of the author. They 
scornfully reject this concession, and resort to all manner 
of legerdemain in order to explain away the impossibili- 
ties of such an attack and the improbabilities of its exe- 
cution. With such scope as these scholars allow them- 
selves we may find parallels every where, and covert 
assaults may be detected in the most innocent literary 
performances. But it would not answer the purpose of 
this Introduction to enter into an elaborate discussion of 
this question, which seems to be destined to an uncom- 
fortable resurrection as often as it is laid. Every plausi- 
ble coincidence has been mentioned in the Notes, and it 
will be sufficient for ingenuous youth to know the opin- 
ions of distinguished scholars on the subject. 

If this essay had not been prolonged beyond the limit 
proposed, it might be well to give some account of the 
grammatical and rhetorical peculiarities of the style of 
Persius ; but the grammar of Persius will present few 
difficulties to those who are at all familiar with the po- 
etic syntax of the Latin language ; and enough has been 



INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 

said to prepare the student, in a measure, for coping with 
the labored terseness of our author. 

The manuscripts of Persius are remarkable for their age, 
their number, and the stupid bewilderment of the tran- 
scribers. The best is the Codex Montepessulanus, or Mont- 
pellier manuscript, with which the Codex Vaticanus close- 
ly coincides ; but, in the words of Jahn, JVullus Persii co- 
dex tantae auctoritatis est ut in rebus dubiis eius vestigia 
tuto sequaris sed semper inter complures optio eaque non 
raro incerta datur. 



A. PERSII FLACCI 

SATURARUM 

LIBEE. 



A. PERSII FLACCI 

SATURARUM 

LIBER. 



PROLOGUS. 

Nee fonte labra prolui caballino, 
nee in bicipiti somniasse Parnaso 
inemini, ut repente sic poeta prodirem. 
Heliconidasque pallidamque Pirenen 

5 illis reinitto, quorum imagines lambunt 

hederae sequaces: ipse semipaganus 
ad sacra vatum carmen adfero nostrum, 
quis expedivit psittaco suum chaere 
picamque docuit nostra verba conari % 

10 magister artis ingenique largitor 

venter, negatas artifex sequi voces; 
quod si dolosi spes refulserit nummi, 
corvos poetas et poetridas picas 
cantare credas Pegaseium nectar. 



40 PERSII 



SATUEA I. 

O curas hominum ! o quantum est in rebus inane ! 

' Quis leget haec V Min tu istud ais ? nemo hercule ! 
< Nemo?' 

Yel duo, vel nemo. l Turpe et miserabile !' Quare ? 

ne mihi Polydamas et Troiades Labeonem 
5 praetulerint ? nugae. non, si quid turbida Roma 

elevet, accedas examenque inprobum in ilia 

castiges trutina, nee te quaesiveris extra. 

nam Romae quis non — ? a, si fas dicere — sed fas 

turn, cum ad canitiem et nostrum istud vivere triste 
lOaspexi ac nucibus facimus quaecumque relictis, 

cum sapimus patruos; tunc, tunc, ignoscite — 'Nolo.' 

Quid faciam? sed sum petulanti splene cachinno. 
Scribimus inclusi, numeros ille, hie pede liber, 

grande aliquid, quod pulmo animae praelargus anhelet. 
15 scilicet haec populo pexusque togaque recenti 

et natalicia tandem cum sardonyche albus 

sede leges celsa, liquido cum plasmate guttur 

mobile collueris, patranti fractus ocello. 

hie neque more probo videas nee voce serena 
20 ingentis trepidare Titos, cum carmina lumbnm 

intrant, et tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu. 

tun, vetule, auriculis alienis colligis escas ? 

auriculis, quibus et dicas cute perditus ohe. 

' Quo didicisse, nisi hoc fermentum et quae semel intns 



SATUEA I. 41 

25innata est rupto iecore exierit caprificus?' 
En pallor seniumque! o mores! usque adeone 
scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter ? 
'At pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier hie est! 
ten cirratorum centum dictata fuisse 

30 pro nihilo pendas?' Ecce inter pocula quaerunt 
Komulidae saturi, quid dia poemata narrent. 
hie aliquis, cui circa umeros hyacinthia laena est, 
rancid tilum quiddam balba de nare locutus, 
Phyllidas Hypsipylas, vatum et plorabile si quid, 

35eliquat ac tenero supplantat verba palato. 
adsensere viri: nunc non cinis ille poetae 
felix? non levior cippus nunc inprimit ossa? 
laudant convivae : nunc non e manibus illis, 
nunc non e tumulo fortunataque favilla 

40 nascentur violae ? ' Rides ' ait c et nimis uncis 
naribus indulges, an erit qui velle recuset 
os populi meruisse et cedro digna locutus 
linquere nee scombros metuentia carmina nee tus V 
Quisquis es, o, modo quern ex ad verso dicere feci, 

45 non ego cum scribo, si forte quid aptius exit, 

quando haec rara avis est, si quid tamen aptius exit, 
laudari metuam, neque enim mihi cornea fibra est ; 
sed recti finemque extremumque esse recuso 
euge tuum et belle, nam belle hoc excute totum : 

50 quid non intus habet % non hie est Ilias Atti 
ebria veratro ? non si qua elegidia crudi 
dictarunt proceres? non quidquid denique lectis 
scribitur in citreis? calidum scis ponere sumen, 



42 PERSII 

scis comitem horridulum trita donare lacerna, 

55 et 'verum' inquis 'amo: verum mihi dicite de me.' 
qui pote ? vis dicam ? nugaris, cum tibi, calve, 
pinguis aqualiculus protenso sesquipede exstet. 
o lane, a tergo quern nulla ciconia pinsit, 
nee manus auriculas imitari mobilis albas, 

60 nee linguae, quantum sitiat canis Apula, tantae ! 
vos, o patricius sanguis, quos vivere fas est 
occipiti caeco, posticae occurrite sannae ! 

Quis populi sermo est? quis enim, nisi carmina molli 
nunc demum numero fluere, ut per leve severos 

65efrundat iunctura unguis? scit tendere versum 
non secus ac si oculo rubricam derigat uno. 
sive opus in mores, in luxum, in prandia regum 
dicere, res grandis nostro dat Musa poetae. 
ecce modo heroas sensus adferre videmus 

70 nugari solitos graece, nee ponere lucum 
artifices nee rus saturum laudare, ubi corbes 
et focus et porci et fumosa Palilia faeno, 
unde Eemus, sulcoque terens dentalia, Qninti, 
cum trepida ante boves dictatorem induit uxor 

75 et tua aratra domum lictor tulit — euge poeta ! 
est nunc Brisaei quern venosus liber Acci, 
sunt quos Pacuviusque et verrucosa moretur 
Antiopa, aerumnis cor luctificabile fulta. 
hos pueris monitus patres infundere lippos 

80 cum videas, quaerisne, unde haec sartago loquendi 
venerit in linguas, unde istuc dedecus, in quo 
trossulus exsnltat tibi per subsellia levis ? 






SATURA I. 43 

mine pudet capiti non posse pericula cano 
pellere, quin tepidum hoc optes audire decenter f 
85 'Fur es' ait Pedio. Pedius quid? crimina rasis 
librat in antithetis : doctas posuisse figuras 
laudatur ' bellum hoc !' hoc belluin ? an, Romule, 

ceves % 
men moveat? quippe et, cantet si naufragus, assem 
protulerim. cantas, cum fracta te in trabe pictum 
90 ex umero portes ? verum, nee nocte paratum 
plorabit, qui me volet incurvasse querela. 

'Sed numeris decor est et iunctura addita crudis. 
cludere sic versum didicit Berecyntius Attis 
et qui caeruleum dirimebat Nerea delphin 
95 sic costam longo subduximus Apj?en?iino. 

Arma virum, nonne hoc spumosum et cortice pingui, 
ut ramale vetus vegrandi subere coctum?' 
4 Quidnam igitur tenerum et laxa cervice legendum \ 
Torva mimalloneis iivplerunt cornua bombis, 
100 et raptum vitulo caput ablatura superbo 
Bassaris et lyncem Maenas jiexura corymbis 
euhion ingeminate reparabilis adsonat echo V 
haec fierent, si testiculi vena ulla paterni 
viveret in nobis? summa delumbe saliva 
105 hoc natat in labris, et in udo est Maenas et Attis, 
nee pluteum caedit, nee demorsos sapit unguis. 
1 Sed quid opus teneras mordaci radere vero 
auriculas ? vide sis, ne maiorum tibi forte 
limina frigescant: sonat hie de nare canina 
HOlittera.' Per me equidem sint omnia protinus alba; 



44 PERSII 

nil moror. euge ! omnes, omnes bene mirae eritis res. 
hoc iuvat? 'liic ? inquis 'veto quisquam faxit oletum.' 
pinge duos anguis : pueri, saoer est locus, extra 
meite ! discedo. secuit Lucilius urbem, 

115 te Lupe, te Muci, et genuinum f regit in illis; 
omne vafer vitium ridenti Flaccus amico 
tangit et admissus circum praecordia ludit, 
callidus excusso populum suspendere naso: 
men muttire nefas? nee clam, nee cum scrobe? nus- 
quam ? 

120 hie tamen infodiam. vidi, vidi ipse, libelle : 

auriculas asini quis non habet? hoc ego opertum, 
hoc ridere meum, tarn nil, nulla tibi vendo 
Iliade. audaci quicumque adilate Cratino 
iratum Eupolidem praegrandi cum seue palles, 

125 aspice et haec, si forte aliquid decoctius audis. 
inde vaporata lector mihi ferveat aure: 
non hie, qui in crepidas Graiorum ludere gestit 
sordidus, et lusco qui possit dicere i lusce,' 
sese aliquem credens, Italo quod honore supinus 

130 fregerit heminas Arreti aedilis iniquas ; 

nee qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas 
scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, 
si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat. 
his mane edictum, post praudia Calliroen do. 






SATURA II. 45 



SATURA II. 

Hunc, Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo 
qui tibi labentis apponit candidus annos. 
funde merum genio. non tu prece poscis emaci, 
quae nisi seduetis nequeas committere divis; 
5 at bona pars procerum tacita libabit acerra. 
haud cuivis promptura est murmurque humilisque su- 

surros 
tollere de tempi is et aperto vivere voto. 
' Mens bona, fama, fides ' haec clare et ut audiat ho- 

spes; 
ilia sibi introrsam et sub lingua murmurat 'o si 

lOebulliat patruus, praeclarum funus?' et 'o si 
sub rastro crepet argent! mihi seria dextro 
Hercule! pupillumve utinam, quern proximns heres 
inpello, expungam ! namque est scabiosus et acri 
bile tumet. Nerio iam tertia conditur uxor.' 

15 haec sancte ut poscas, Tiberino in gurgite mergis 
mane caput bis terque et noctem flumine purgas? 
heus age, responde — minimum est quod scire laboro — 
de love quid sentis? estne ut praeponere cures 
hunc — 'cuinam?' cuinam? vis Staio? an scilicet 
haeres ? 

20 quis potior index, puerisve quis aptior orbis % 
hoc igitur, quo tu Iovis aurem inpellere temptas, 
die agedum Staio, ' pro Iuppiter ! o bone' clamet 



46 PERSII 

'Iuppiter!' at sese non clamet Iuppiter ipse? 
ignovisse putas, quia, cum tonat, ocius ilex 

25sulpure discutitur sacro quam tuque domusque? 
an quia non fibris ovium Ergennaque iubente 
triste iaces lucis evitandumque bidental, 
idcirco stolid am praebet tibi vellere barbain 
Iuppiter? aut quidnam est, qua tu mercede deorum 

30emeris auriculas? pulmone et lactibus unctis?. 
Ecce avia aut metuens divum matertera cunis 
exemit puerum frontemque atque uda labella 
infami digito et lustralibus ante salivis 
expiat, urentis oculos inhibere perita ; 

35 tunc manibus quatit et spem macram supplice voto 
nunc Licini in campos, nunc Crassi mittit in aedis 
' liunc optet generum rex et regina ! puellae 
hunc rapiant! quidquid calcaverit hie, rosa fiat!' 
ast ego nutrici non mando vota: negato, 

40 Iuppiter, haec illi, quamvis te albata rogarit. 
Poscis opem nervis corpusque fidele senectae. 
esto age; sed grandes patinae tuccetaque crassa 
adnuere his superos vetuere Iovemque morantur. 
Rem struere exoptas caeso bove Mercuriumque 

45 arcessis fibra ' da fortunare Penatis, 

da pecus et gregibus fetum !' quo, pessime, pacto, 
tot tibi cum in flammas iunicum omenta liqnescant' 
et tamen hie extis et opimo vincere ferto 
intendit 'iam crescit ager, iam crescit ovile, 

50 iam dabitur, iam iam !' donee deceptus et exspes 
nequiquam fundo suspiret nummus in imo. 



SATURA II. 47 

Si tibi creterras argenti incusaque pingui 
auro dona feram, sudes et pectore laevo 
excutiat guttas laetari praetrepidum cor. 

55 hinc illud subiit, auro sacras quod ovato 
perducis fades; nam fratres inter aenos 
somnia pituita qui purgatissiina mittunt, 
praecipui sunto sitque illis aurea barba. 
aurum vasa Numae Saturniaque inpulit aera 

60 Yestalisque urnas et Tuscuin fictile mutat. 
o curvae in terris animae et caelestium inanes! 
quid iuvat hoc, templis nostros inmittere mores 
et bona dis ex hac scelerata ducere pulpa? 
liaec sibi corrupto casiam dissolvit olivo, 

65 haec Calabrum coxit yitiato murice vellus, 
haec bacam conchae rasisse et stringere venas 
ferventis massae crudo de pulvere iussit. 
peccat et haec, peccat: vitio tamen utitur. at vos 
dicite, pontifices, in sancto quid facit aurum ? 

70nempe hoc quod Yeneri donatae a virgine pupae, 
quin damns id superis, de magna quod dare lance 
non possit magni Messallae lippa propago: 
conpositum ius fasque animo sanctosque recessus 
mentis et incoctum generoso pectus honesto. 

75 haec cedo ut admoveam templis et farre litabo. 

C 



48 PERSII 



SATUEA III. 

'Nenipe haec adsidue: iam clarum mane fenestras 
intrat et angustas extendit lumine rimas: 
stertimus indomitum quod despumare Falernum 
sufficiat, quinta dtim linea tangitur umbra. 
5 en quid agis ? siccas insana canicula messis 
iam dudum coquit et patula pecus omne sub ulmo 

est.' 
unus ait comitum. "Verunme? itane? ocius adsit 
hue aliquis ! nemon ?" tnrgescit vitrea bilis : 
" iindor " — ut Arcadiae pecuaria rndere dicas. 

10 iam liber et positis bicolor membrana capillis 
inque manus chartae nodosaque venit harundo. 
tunc querimur, crassus calamo quod pendeat umor, 
nigra quod infusa vanescat sepia lympha; 
dilutas querimur geminet quod fistula guttas. 

15 o miser inque dies ultra miser, hucine rerum 
venimus? at cur non potius teneroque columbo 
et similis regum pueris pappare minutum 
poscis et iratus mammae lallare recusas? 
"An tali studeam calamo?" Cui verba? quid istas 

20suecinis ambages? tibi luditur. effluis aniens, 
contemnere: sonat vitium percussa, maligne 
respondet viridi non cocta fidelia limo. 
udum et molle Latum es, nunc nunc properandus et 
acri 



SATURA III. 49 

fingendus sine fine rota, sed rure paterno 

25 est tibi far modicum, purum et sine labe salinum — ■ 
quid metuas ? — cultrixque foci secura patella, 
hoc satis? an deceat pulmonem rumpere ventis, 
stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis, 
censorenme tnum vel quod trabeate salutas? 

30 ad populum phaleras! ego te intus et in cute novi. 
non pudet ad morem discincti vivere Nattae? 
sed stupet hie vitio et fibris increvit opimum 
pingue, caret culpa, nescit quid perdat, et alto 
demersus summa rursum non bullit in unda. 

35 magne pater divum, saevos punire tyrannos 
hand alia ratione velis, cum dira libido 
moverit ingenium ferventi tincta veneno: 
virtutem videant intabescantque relicta. 
anne magis Siculi gemuerunt aera iuvenci, 

40 et magis auratis pendens laquearibus ensis 
purpureas subter cervices terruit, 'irnus, 
imus praecipites' quam si sibi dicat et intus 
palleat infelix, quod proxima nesciat uxor? 
Saepe oculos, memini, tangebam parvus olivo, 

45grandia si nollem morituri verba Catonis 
discere, non sano multum laudanda magistro, 
quae pater adductis sudans audi ret amicis. 
iure; etenim id summum, quid dexter senio ferret, 
scire erat in voto; damnosa canicula quantum 

50 raderet ; angustae collo non f allier orcae ; 
neu quis callidior buxum torquere flagello. 
hand tibi inexpertum curvos deprendere mores, 



50 PERSII 

quaeque docet sapiens bracatis inlita Medis 
porticus, insomnis quibus et detonsa iuventus 

55invigilat, siliquis et grandi pasta polenta; 
et tibi quae Samios diduxit littera ramos 
surgentem dextro monstravit limite callem. 
stertis adhuc, laxumque caput conpage soluta 
oscitat hesternum, dissutis undique malis! 

60 est aliquid quo tendis, et in quod dirigis arcum? 
an passim sequeris corvos testaque lutoque, 
securus quo pes ferat, atque ex tempore vivis? 
helleborum frustra, cum iam cutis aegra tumebit, 
poscentis videas: venienti occurrite morbo! 

65 et quid opus Cratero magnos promittere montis ? 
discite, o miseri, et causas cognoscite rerum: 
quid sumus, et quidnam victim gignimur; ordo 
quis datus, aut metae qua mollis flexus et unde; 
quis modus argento, quid fas optare, quid asper 

70 utile nummus habet ; patriae carisque propinquis 
quantum elargiri deceat; quem te deus esse 
iussit, et humana qua parte locatus es in re. 
disce, nee invideas, quod multa fidelia putet 
in locuplete penu, defensis pinguibus Umbris, 

75 et piper et pernae, Marsi monumenta clientis, 
menaque quod prima nondum defecerit orca. 

Hie aliquis de gente hircosa centurionum 
dicat 'Quod sapio satis est mihi. non ego euro 
esse quod Arcesilas aerumnosique Solones, 

80 obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram, 

murmura cum secum et rabiosa silentia rodunt 



SATUKA III. 51 

atque exporrecto trutinantur verba labello, 

aegroti veteris meditantes somnia, gigni 

de nihilo nikilum, in nihil um nil jposse reverti. 

85 hoc est, quod palles ? cur quis non prandeat, hoc est V 
His populus ridet, multumque torosa iuventus 
ingeminat tremulos naso crispante cachinnos. 

' Inspice ; nescio quid trepidat mihi pectus et aegris 
faucibus exsuperat gravis alitus; inspice, sodes!' 

90 qui dicit medico, iussus requiescere, postquam 
tertia conpositas vidit nox currere venas, 
de maiore domo modice sitiente lagoena 
lenia loturo sibi Surrentina rogabit. 
' Heus, bone, tu palles !' " Nihil est." i Yideas tamen 
istuc, 

95 quidquid id est : surgit tacite tibi lutea pellis.' 
" At tu deterius palles ; ne sis mihi tutor ; 
iam pridem hunc sepeli : tu restas." £ Perge, tacebo.' 
turgidus hie epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, 
gutture sulpureas lente exalante mefites ; 
lOOsed tremor inter vina subit calidumque triental 
excutit e manibus, dentes crepuere retecti, 
uncta cadunt laxis tunc pulmentaria labris. 
hinc tuba, candelae, tandemque beatulus alto 
conpositus lecto crassisque lutatus amomis 
105 in portam rigidas calces extendit:*at ilium 
hesterni capite induto subiere Quirites. 

^Tange, miser, venas et pone in pectore dextram. 
nil calet hie. summosque pedes attinge manusque. 
non frigent.' Yisa est si forte pecunia, sive 



52 PERSII 

110 Candida vicini subrisit molle pnelia, 

cor tibi rite salit? positum est algente catino 
durum holus et populi cribro decussa farina: 
temptemus fauces, tenero latet ulcus in ore 
putre, quod haud deceat plebeia radere beta. 

115alges, cum excussit membris timor albus aristas: 
nunc face supposita fervescit sanguis et ira 
scintillant oculi, dicisque facisque, quod ipse 
non sani esse hominis non sanus iuret Orestes. 






SATURA IV. 53 



SATURA IV. 

6 Rem populi tractas V barbatum haec crede magistram 
dicere, sorbitio tollit quern dira cicutae 
'quo fretus? die hoc, magui pupille Perieli. 
scilicet ingenium et rerum prudentia velox 
5 ante pilos venit, dicenda tacendaque calles. 
ergo ubi commota fervet plebecula bile, 
fert animus calidae fecisse silentia turbae 
maiestate manus. quid deinde loquere ? " Quirites, 
hoc puta non iustum est, illud male, recti us illud." 

lOscis etenim iustum gemina suspendere lance 
ancipitis librae, rectum discernis, ubi inter 
curva subit, vel cum fallit pede regula varo, 
et potis es nigrum vitio praefigere theta. 
quin tu igitur, summa nequiquam pelle decorns, 

15 ante diem blando caudam iactare popello 
desinis, Anticyras melior sorbere meracas ! 
quae tibi summa boni est? uncta vixisse patella 
semper et adsiduo curata cuticula sole? 
exspecta, baud aliud respondeat haec anus, i nunc 

20 " Dinomaches ego sum," suffla " sum candidus." esto ; 
dum ne detenus sapiat pannucia Baucis, 
cum bene discincto cantaverit ocima vernae. 5 
Ut nemo in sese temptat descendere, nemo, 
sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo ! 

25quaesieris 'Nostin Yettidi praedia?' "Cuius?" 



54 PERSII 

'Dives arat Curibus quantum non miluus errat.' 
"Hunc ais, hunc dis iratis geuioque sinistro, 
qui, quandoque iugum pertusa ad compita figit, 
seriolae veterem metuens deradere liraum 

30ingemit: hoc bene sit! tunicatum cum sale mordens - 
caepe et farrata pueris plaudentibus olla 
pannosam faecem morientis sorbet aceti?" 
at si imctus cesses et figas in cute solem, 
est prope te ignotus, cubito qui tangat et acre 

35 despuat ' hi mores ! penemque arcanaque lumbi 
runcantem populo marcentis pandere vulvas! 
tu cum maxillis balanatum gausape peetas, 
inguinibus quare detonsus gurgulio exstat? 
quinque palaestritae licet haec plantaria vellant 

40elixasque nates labefactent forcipe adunca, 
non tamen ista filix ullo mansuescit aratro.' 
caedimus inque vicem praebemus crura sagittis. 
vivitur hoc pacto; sic novimus. ilia subter 
caecum vulnus babes; sed lato balteus auro 

45praetegit. ut mavis, da verba et decipe nervos, 
si potes. c Egregium cum me vicinia dicat, 
non credamf Yiso si palles, inprobe, nummo, 
si facis in penem quidquid tibi venit amarum, 
si puteal multa cautus vibice flagellas: 

50nequiquam populo bibulas donaveris aures. ' 
respue, quod non es; tollat sua munera cerdo; 
tecum habita: noris, quam sit tibi curta supellex. 



SATURA V. 55 



SATUKA Y. 

Vatibus hie mos est, centum sibi poscere voces, 
centum ora et liugnas optare in carmina centum, 
fabula sen maesto ponatur hianda tragoedo, 
vulnera seu Parthi ducentis ab inguine ferrum. 
5 ' Quorsum haec ? aut quantas robusti carminis offas 
ingeris, ut par sit centeno gutture niti? 
grande locuturi nebulas Helicone legunto, 
si quibus aut Prognes, aut si quibus olla Thyestae 
fervebit, saepe insulso cenanda Glyconi; 

10 tu neque anhelanti, coquitur dum massa camino, 
folle premis ventos, nee clause- murmure raucus 
nescio quid tecum grave cornicaris inepte, 
nee scloppo tumidas intendis rumpere buccas. 
verba togae sequeris iunctura callidus acri, 

15 ore teres modico, pallentis radere mores 
doctus et ingenuo culpam defigere ludo. 
hinc trahe quae dicis, mensasque relinque Mycenis 
cum capite et pedibus, plebeiaque prandia noris.' 
Non equidem hoc studeo, bullatis ut mihi nugis 

20pagina turgescat, dare pondus idonea fumo. 
secreti loquimur; tibi nunc hortante Camena 
excutienda damns praecordia, quantaque nostrae 
pars tua sit, Cornute, animae, tibi, dulcis amice, 
ostendisse iuvat : pulsa, dinoscere cautus, 

25 quid solidum crepet et pictae tectoria linguae^ 

C2 



56 . PEKSII 

his ego centenas ausim deposcere voces, 
ut, quantum mihi te sinuoso in peetore fixi, 
voce trahara pura, totumque hoc verba resignent, 
quod latet arcana non enarrabile fibra. 

30 Cum primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit 
bullaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit; 
cum blandi comites totaque inpune Subura 
permisit sparsisse oculos iam candidus umbo; 
cumque iter ainbiguum est et vitae nescius error 

35 deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes, 
me tibi supposui : teneros tu suscipis annos 
Socratico, Cornute, sinu; turn fallere sollers 
apposita intortos extendit regula mores, 
et premitur ratione animus vincique laborat 

40 artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum. 
tecum etenim longos memini consumere soles, 
et tecum primas epulis decerpere noctes: 
unum opus et requiem pariter disponimus ambo, 
atque verecunda laxamus seria mensa. 

45 non equidem hoc dubites, amborum foedere certo 
consentire dies et ab uno sidere duci 
nostra vel aequali suspendit tempora Libra 
Parca tenax veri, sen nata fidelibus hora 
dividit in Geminos concordia fata duorum, 

50 Saturnumque gravem nostro love frangimus una : 
nescio quod, certe est, quod me tibi temperat astrnm. 

Mille hominum species et rerum discolor usus; 
velle suum cuique est, nee voto vivitur uno. 
mercibus hie Italis mutat sub sole recenti 



SAT UK A V. 57 

55 rugosum piper et pallentis grana cumini, 
hie satur inriguo mavult turgescere somno; 
hie campo iudulget, hunc alea decoquit, ille 
in Yenerem putris; sed cum lapidosa cheragra 
fregerit articulos, veteris raraalia fagi, 

60 tunc crassos transisse dies lucemque palustrem 
et sibi iam seri vitam ingemuere relictam. 
at te nocturnis iuvat inpallescere chartis; 
cultor enim iuvenum purgatas inseris aures 
fruge Cleanthea. petite hinc puerique senesque 

65nnem ammo certum miserisque viatica canis! 

' Cras hoc net.' Idem eras net. ' Quid? quasi magnum 
nempe diem donas.' Sed cum lux altera venit, 
iam cras hesternum consumpsimus : ecce aliud cras 
egerit hos annos et semper paulum erit ultra. 

70 nam quamvis prope te, quamvis temone sub uno 
vertentem sese frustra sectabere eantnm, 
cum rota posterior curras et in axe secundo. 

Libertate opus est, non hac, ut, quisque Yelina 
Publius emeruit, scabiosum tesserula far 

75 possidet. lieu steriles veri, quibus una Quiriteni 
vertigo facit! hie Dama est non tressis agaso, 
vappa lippus et in tenui farragine mendax : 
verterit hunc dominus, momento turbinis exit 
Marcus Dama. papae ! Marco spondente recusas 

80 credere tu nummos ? Marco sub iudice palles? 
Marcus dixit: ita est; adsigna, Marce, tabellas. 
haec mera libertas ; hoc nobis pillea donant ! 
i An quisquam est alius liber, nisi ducere vitam 



58 PEESII 

cui licet, ut voluit ? licet ut volo vivere : non sum 
851iberior Bruto?' "Mendose colligis," inquit 
stoicus hie aurem mordaci lotus aceto 
" haec reliqua accipio ; licet illud et ut volo tolle." 
'Vindicta postquam meus a praetore recessi, 
cur mihi non liceat, iussit quodcumque voluntas, 
90excepto si quid Masuri rubrica vetavitf 
Disce, sed ira cadat naso rugosaque sanna, 
dum veteres avias tibi de pulmone revello. 
non praetoris erat stultis dare tenuia rerum 
officia atque usum rapidae permittere vitae: 
95sambucam citius caloni aptaveris alto. 

stat contra ratio et secretam garrit in aurem, 
ne liceat facere id quod quis vitiabit agendo, 
publica lex hominum naturaque continet hoc fas, 
ut teneat vetitos inscitia debilis actus. 

100 diluis helleborum, certo conpescere puncto 
nescius examen: vetat hoc natura medendi. 
navem si poscat sibi peronatus arator, 
luciferi rudis, exclamet Melicerta perisse 
frontem de rebus, tibi recto vivere talo 

105 ars dedit, et veri speciem dinoscere calles, 
ne qua subaerato mendosum thiniat anro? 
quaeque seqnenda forent, quaeque evitanda 
ilia prius creta, mox haec carbone notasti? 
es modicus voti? presso lare? dulcis amicis ? 

110 iam nunc astringas, iam nunc granaria laxes, 
inque Into fixum possis transcendere nummum, 
nee glutto sorbere salivam Mercurialem ? 



SATURA V. 59 

Miaec mea sunt, teneo' cum vere dixeris, esto 
liberque ac sapiens praetoribus ac love dextro, 

115 sin tu, cum fueris nostrae paulo ante farinae, 
pelliculam veterem retines et f route politus 
astutam vapido servas sub pectore vulpera, 
quae dederam supra relego f unemque reduco : 
nil tibi concessit ratio ; digitum exsere, peccas, 

120 et quid tam parvum est? sed nullo tare litabis, 
baereat in stultis brevis ut semuncia recti, 
baec miscere nefas; nee, cum sis cetera fossor, 
tris tantum ad numeros satyrum moveare Batlrylli. 
'Liber ego.' Unde datum hoc sentis, tot subdite rebus? 

125 an dominum ignoras, nisi quern vindicta relaxat ? 
'I puer et strigiles Crispini ad balnea defer!' 
si increpuit, l cessas nugator ;' servitium acre 
te nihil impellit, nee quicquam extrinsecus intrat, 
quod nervos agitet; sed si intus et in iecore aegro 

130nascuntur domini, qui tu inpunitior exis 

atque hie, quern ad strigiles scutica et metus egit 
erilis ? 
Mane piger stertis. 6 Surge !' inquit Avaritia ' heia 
surge !' Negas ; instat i Surge !' inquit. " Kon queo." 

< Surge !' 
"Et quid again?" 'Kogitas? en saperdam advehe 
Ponto, 

135castoreum, stuppas, hebenum, tus, lubrica Coa; 
tolle recens primus piper ex sitiente camelo; 
verte aliquid ; iura.' " Sed Iuppiter audiet." ' Eheu ! 
varo, regustatum digito terebrare salinum 



60 PERSII 

contentus perages, si vivere cum love tendis!' 

140 iam pueris pellem succinctus et oenophorum aptas 
6 Ocius ad navem !' nihil obstat, quin trabe vasta 
Aegaeum rapias, ni sollers Luxuria ante 
seductum moneat \ Quo deinde, insane, ruis ? quo ? 
quid tibi vis? ealido sub pectore mascula bilis 

145 intumuit, quod non exstinxerit urna cicutae? 
tu mare transilias ? tibi torta cannabe f ulto 
cena sit in transtro, Veientanumqne rnbellum 
exalet vapida laesum pice sessilis obba? 
quid petis? ut nummi, quos hie quincunce rnodesto 

150 nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces? 
indulge genio, carpamus dulcia! nostrum est 
quod vivis; cinis et manes et fabula lies. 
vive memor leti! fugit hora; hoc quod loquor inde 

est.' 
en quid agis ? duplici in diversum scinderis hamo. 

155 lmncine, an hunc sequeris? subeas alternus oportet 
ancipiti obsequio dominos, alternus oberres. 
nee tu, cum obstiteris semel instantique negaris 
parere imperio, f rupi iam vincula' dicas; 
nam et luctata canis nodum abripit; et tamen illi, 

160 cum fugit, a collo trahitur pars longa catenae. 
'Dave, cito, hoc credas iubeo, finire dolores 
praeteritos meditor.' crudum Chaerestratus unguem 
adrodens ait haec" f an siccis dedecus obstem 
cognatis? an rem patriam rumore sinistro 

1651imen ad obscenum frangam, dum Chrysidis udas 
ebrius ante fores exstincta cum face canto?' 



SATURA V. 61 

"Enge, puer, sapias, dis depellentibus agnam 
percute." ' Sed censen plorabit, Dave, relicta V 
"Nugaris; solea, puer, obiurgabere rubra. 

170 ne trepidare velis atque artos rodere casses! 

nunc ferus et violens; at si vocet, haud mora, dicas: 
Quidnam igitur faciam f nee nunc, cum arcessat et 

ultro 
supplicet, accedam f Si totus et integer illinc 
exieras, nee nunc." hie hie, quod quaerimus, hie est, 

175 non in festuca, lictor quam iactat ineptus. 
ius habet ille sui palpo, quern ducit hiantem 
cretata ambitio ? vigila et cicer ingere large 
rixanti populo, nostra ut Floralia possint 
aprici meminisse senes : quid pulchrius f at cum 

180 Herodis venere dies, unctaque fenestra 

dispositae pinguem nebulam vomuere lncernae 
portantes violas, rnbrumque amplexa catinum 
cauda natat thynni, tumet alba fidelia vino: 
labra moves tacitus recutitaque sabbata palles. 

185 turn nigri lemures ovoque pericula rnpto, 

turn grandes galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos 
incussere deos inflantis corpora, si non 
praedictum ter mane caput gustaveris alii. 
Dixeris haec inter varicosos centuriones, 

190continuo crassum ridet Pulfennius ingens, 
et centum Graecos curto centusse licetur. 



62 PERSII 



SATUEA VI. 

Admovit iam bruma foco te, Basse, Sabino? 
iamue lyra et tetrico vivunt tibi pectine chordae? 
mire opifex numeris veterum primordia vocum 
atque marem strepitum fidis intendisse Latinae, 
5mox iuvenes agitare ioeis et pollice honesto 
egregius lnsisse series, mihi nunc Ligus ora 
intepet hibernatque meum mare, qua latus ingens 
dant scopuli et multa litus se valle receptat. 
Lunai portum, est operae, cognoscite, cives! 

10 cor iubet hoc Enni, postquam destertuit esse 
Maeonides, Qaintus pavone ex Pythagoreo. 
hie ego securus vulgi et quid praeparet auster 
infelix pecori, securns et angulus ille 
vicini nostro quia pinguior, etsi adeo omnes 

15 ditescant orti peioribus, usque recusem 

curvus ob id minui senio aut cenare sine uncto, 
et signum in vapida naso tetigisse lagoena. 
discrepet his alius! geminos, horoscope, varo 
prodncis genio. solis natalibus est qui 

20tingat *holus siccum muria vafer in calice empta, 
ipse sacrum inrorans patinae piper; hie bona dente 
grandia magnanimus peragit puer. utar ego, utar, 
nee rhombos ideo libertis ponere lautus, 
nee tenuis sollers turdarum nosse salivas. 

25 messe tenus propria vive et granaria, fas est, 



SATUEA VI. 63 

emole ; quid metuis ? occa, et seges altera in herba est. 
ast vocat officiwn: trabe rupta Bruttia saxa 
prendit amicus inops, remque omnem surdaque vota 
condidit Ionio; iacet ipse in litore et una 

30ingentes de puppe dii, iamque obvia mergis 
eosta ratis lacerae. nunc et de caespite vivo 
frange aliquid, largire inopi, ne pictus oberret 
caerulea in tabula. ' Sed cenam funeris heres 
negleget, iratus quod rem curtaveris; urnae 

35ossa inodora dabit, seu spirent cinnama surdum, 
seu ceraso peccent casiae, nescire paratus. 
tune bona incolumis minuas? et Bestius urguet 
doctores Graios : Ita fit, postquam sapere arbi 
cum piper e etpalmis venit nostrum hoc maris expers ; 

40 fenisecae crasso vitiarunt unguine pultes? 
Haec cinere ulterior metuas? At tu, mens heres 
quisquis eris, paulum a turba seductior audi, 
o bone, num ignoras ? missa est a Caesare laurus 
insignem ob cladem Germanae pubis, et aris 

45frigidus excutitur cinis, ac iam postibus anna, 
iam chlamydes regum, iam lutea gausapa captis 
essedaque ingentesque locat Caesonia Ehenos. 
dis igitur genioque ducis centum paria ob res 
egregie gestas induco; quis vetat ? aude. 

50vae, nisi conives! oleum artocreasque popello 

largior ; an prohibes ? die clare ! ' Kon adeo,' inquis 
'exossatus ager iuxta est.' Age, si mihi nulla 
iam reliqua ex amitis, patruelis nulla, proneptis 
nulla manet patrui, sterilis matertera vixit, 



64 PEESIJ SATTJRA VI. 

55 deque a via nihilum superest, accedo Bo villas 

clivumque ad Virbi, praesto est mihi Manius heres. 
'Progenies terrae?' Quaere ex me, quis mihi quartus 
sit pater: hand prompte, dicam tamen; adde etiam 

unum, 
unum etiam: terrae est iam filius, et mihi ritu 

60 Manius hie generis prope maior avunculus exit, 
qui prior es, cur me in decursu lampada poscis? 
sum tibi Mercurius; venio deus hue ego ut ille 
pingitur; an renuis? vin tu gaudere relictis? 
' Dest aliquid summae.' Minui mihi ; sed tibi totum est, 

65 quidquid id est. ubi sit, f uge quaerere, quod mihi 
quondam 
legarat Tadius, neu dicta repone paterna: 
Faenoris accedat merces; hinc exime sum/ptus. 
quid reliquum est? Keliquum? nunc, nunc inpen- 

sius ungue, 
ungue, puer, caules ! mihi festa luce coquetur 

70 urtica et fissa f nmosnm sinciput aure, 
ut tuus iste nepos olim satur anseris extis, 
cum morosa vago singultiet inguine vena, 
patriciae inmeiat vulvae? mihi trama figurae 
sit reliqua, ast illi tremat omento popa venter ? 

75 vende animam lucro, mercare atque excute sollers 
omne latus mundi, nee sit praestantior alter 
Cappadocas rigida pinguis plausisse castata: 
rem duplica. 'Feci; iam triplex, iam mihi quarto, 
iam deciens redit in rugam : depunge, ubi sistam.' 

80 Inventus, Chrysippe, tui finitor acervi. 



VITA A. PERSII FLACCI 

DE COMMENTARIO PKOBI VALER1I SUBLATA. 

A. Persius Flaccus natus est pridie nonas Decembris 
Fabio Persico L. Vitellio coss. decessit YIII kalendas 
5 Decembris P. Mario Asinio Gallo coss. 

natus est in Etruria Yolaterris, eques Romanus, san- 
guine et affinitate primi ordinis viris coniunctus. de- 
cessit ad octavum miliarinm in via Appia in praediis 
suis. 
10 pater eum Flaccus pupillum reliquit moriens anno- 
rum fere sex. Fulvia Sisennia mater nupsit postea 
Fusio equiti Romano et eum quoque extulit inter 
paucos annos. 

studuit Flaccus usque ad annum XII aetatis suae 
15 Yolaterris, inde Romae apud grammaticum Remmium 
Palaemonem et apud rhetorem Yerginium Flavum. 

cum esset annorum XYI, amicitia coepit uti An- 
naei Cornuti, ita ut ab eo nusquam discederet. indu- 
ctus aliquatenus in philosophiam est. 
20 amicos habuit a prima adulescentia Caesium Bassum 
poetam et Calpurnium Staturam, qui vivo eo iuvenis 
decessit. coluit ut patrem Servilium ISTonianum. co- 
gnovit per Cornutum etiam Annaeum Lucanum, aequae- 
vura auditorem Cornuti. [nam Cornutus illo tempore 



66 VITA PERSII. 

tragicus fuit sectae stoicae. sed] Lncanus adeo mira- 
batur scripta Flacci, ut vix retineret se recitantem cla- 
more, quin ilia [esse] vera poemata diceret, etsi ipse 
siia ludos faeeret. sero cognovit et Senecam, sed non 
nt caperetur eius ingenio. usus est apud Cornutum 
5 duorum convictu virorum et doctissimorum et sanctissi- 
morum, acriter turn philosophantium, Claudii Agathe- 
meri, mediei, Lacedaemonii, et Petronii Aristocratis, 
Magnetis, quos unice miratus est et aemulatus, cum ae- 
quales essent, Cornuti minores et ipsi. 

10 idem etiam decern fere arnios summe dilectus a Pae- 
to Thrasea est, ita ut peregrinaretur quoque cum eo ali- 
quando, cognatam eias Arriam habente uxorem. 

fuit mornm lenissimornm, verecundiae vii*ginalis, 
formae pulchrae, pietatis erga matrem et sororem et 

15 amitam exemplo sufficientis. 
fuit frugi et pudicns. 

reliquit circa HS vicies matri et sorori. scriptis ta- 
men ad matrem codicillis Cornuto rogavit ut daret ses- 
tertia, ut quidam, centum, ut alii volunt et argenti facti 

20 pondo viginti et libros circa septingentos Chrysippi sive 
bibliothecam suam omnem. verum Cornntus sublatis 
libris pecuniam [sororibus, quas heredes frater fecerat] 
reliquit. 

et raro et tarde scripsit. hunc ipsum librum inper- 

25 fectum reliquit. versus aliqui dempti sunt ultimo li- 
bro, ut quasi finitus esset. leviter retractavit Cornutus 
et Caesio Basso petenti, ut ipsi cederet, tradidit eden- 
dum. 



VITA PERSII. 67 

scripsit etiam Flaccus in pueritia praetextam f ve- 

scio et hodoeporicon librum unuiu et paucos in so- 

crum Thraseae [in Arriae inatrem] versus, quae se 

ante virum occiderat. omnia ea auctor fuit Cornu- 

5 tus matri eius ut aboleret. 

editum librum continuo mirari et diripere homines 
coepere. 

decessit autem vitio stomachi anno aetatis XXX. 
sed mox ut a scliolis et magistris divertit, lecto libro 
lOLucilii decimo vehementer saturas conponere instituit. 
cuius libri principium imitatus est, sibi primo, mox om- 
nibus detracturus cum tanta recentium poetarum et ora- 
totum insectatione, ut etiam JNeronem [illius temporis 
principem] culpa verit. cuius versus in Neronem cum 
15 ita se haberet i auriculas asini Mida rex habet,' in eum 
modum a Cornuto, Persio iam turn mortuo, est comrau- 
tatus ( auriculas asini quis non habet V ne hoc Nero in 
se dictum arbitraretur. 

QU1NTILIANUS X, 1, U multum et verae glo- 
20 riae quamvis uno libro Persius meruit. 
MAETIALIS IY, 9, 7 

Saepius in libro numeratur Persius uno, 
quam levis in tota Marsus Amazonide. 
IOANNES LYDUS DE MAG. I, 41 Uipmoc g| 
25 tov 7roit]Trjv 2w0pova fxinr}<saa%ai %t\wv to AvKOfppovog 
jra/)i)A$£v afjiavpov. 



NOTES. 



NOTES. 



PROLOGUE. 

Argument. — I never drank of Hippocrene, never dreamed on Parnas- 
sus. The maids of Helicon and the waters of Pirene are meat and drink 
for my masters — the acknowledged classics— not for me, a poor lay- 
brother, with my humble, homely song (1-7). Others succeed : the par- 
rot with his Greek, the pie with her Latin. They have not dreamed on 
Parnassus either ; but they have a teacher — the great master Belly — and 
Sixpence is their Phoebus Apollo. Hark how they troll forth their 
notes! (8-14). 

Alas for me ! no golden Muse, no silver sixpence inspires me. Quis 
leget haec? 

This prologue is a survival of the dramatic element of the satire, as 
Casaubon has remarked. Peculiarly personal, the prologue is found in 
the earlier and in the later stages of art, in ballad literature and in re- 
flective poetry. The spurious verses which precede the Aeneid— Hie ego 
—were intended to serve as a prologue, and prologues in prose and po- 
etry are familiar to the readers of Martial, Statius, Ausonius, and 
Claudian. 

There is no good reason to doubt the genuineness of the prologue, or 
to attribute the authorship to Caesius Bassus, the editor of Persius, as 
Heinrich has done. Nor is there any sufficient ground for supposing 
that the prologue is fragmentary. The two parts — of seven verses each 
— do not hang well together, but the connection of the thought is not 
so remote after all. ' In the former part, Persius ridicules the pretended 
source of the poetical inspiration of his time, in the latter he exposes 
its real origin ' (Teuffel). 

More open to debate is the relation of the prologue to the satires. Is 
it an introduction to all, or only to the first? It is true that the pro- 
logue seems to belong especially to the first. Both furnish us with a 
programme of the poet's views, with a confession of faith which con- 
sisted in a want of faith in the age ; but as the Firpt Satire itself con- 
tains a vindication of the poet's work, and forms an introduction to the 
other five satires, it is safer not to restrict the prologue to the narrower 
office. 

D 



72 NOTES. 

It is needless to say that these verses have not lacked admirers and 
imitators. The latter half is parodied by Milton (In'tialmam Hundre- 
dam), and the line magister artis ingenique largitor is expanded by Kabe- 
lais (4, 59). 

The metre is the scazon or choliambus (G., 755; A., 82, 2, a, R), and 
as the combination of different rhythms is one of the peculiarities of 
the earlier satura, it is not unlikely that Persius followed an older pat- 
tern. In Petronius, cap. 5, the choliambus is in like manner followed 
by the hexameter, but the analogy is not close. The choliambus, the 
invention of the great lampoonist Hipponax, is admirably adapted by 
its structure for the expression of disappointment, vexation, discontent. 
The march of the iambus is suddenly checked in the fifth foot, and the 
rapid measure violently tripped up. It is a mischievous metre, and be- 
trays in its malice the Thersitic character of its inventor. 



1. The allusion is to Ennius, the alter Homerus, who drank of 
Hippocrene (Prop., 3, 2 [4], 6), and dreamed that he had seen 
his great original on Parnassus (Cic, Ac. Pr., 2, 16, 51). — fonte : 
l in the spring.' The Latin Abl. often has a locative transla- 
tion, when the conception is not necessarily or not distinctly 
locative. (G.,* 387.) — prolui : ' drenched ' is designedly misused. 
The figure is Litotes. (G., 448, R. 2.) The greater the depres- 
sion, the greater the rebound. Non prolui labra = ne primoiHbus 
quidem labris attigi. — caballino: Fons caballinus, 'hack's spring,' 
is a mock translation of Eippocrene = tWov Kpr\vr\ : the fountain 
opened by Pegasus with his hoof. Gaballus is a comic equivalent 
of equas. Comp. Juvenal's Gorgonei caballi (3, 118). 

2. bicipiti : ' two-peaked.' Parnassus is called biceps, either be- 
cause it appears to have two peaks from such common points of 
view as the entrance to the Corinthian Gulf (£ik6,ou/i/3oc 6 TLapva- 
oroc, Ltjcian, Char., 5), or because of the two tall cliffs (Ov., Met., 
1, 316; 2, 221)— the QaiSpidSeg of Diodorus (16, 28), the dikofos 
7rhpa of Sophocles (Ant., 1126) — between which the Castalian 
spring takes its rise. — somniasse : sc. me somniasse (G., 527, R. 2 ; 
M., 401). With memini the Pres. Inf. is more common of Person- 
al Recollection (G., 277, R; A., 58, 11, b), but the Perfect is also 
found when the action is distinctly recognized as a by-gone. 

* G. = Gildersleeve's L. Grammar ; A. = Allen and Greeuough'e ; M. = Madvig's. 



PROLOGUE. 73 

Comp. saepe velut gemmas eius signumque prdbarem \ per causam 
memini me tetigisse manum, Tib., 1, 6, 26. Also Ov., Am., 3, 7, 
25-6 ; A. A., 2, 169. The Perfect is especially appropriate here, 
as the balance of the period would seem to require nee prolui 
nee {quod meminerim) somniavi; and so Conington with correct in- 
stinct translates, ' never that I can remember.' 

3. sic: ovt(oq, 'just so,' 'without any warning, any prepara- 
tion.' — prodirein: 'make my appearance' (as it were on the 
stage). 

4. Heliconidas : The Muses. Comp. Hesiod (Theog., 1). Her- 
mann prefers the epic form, Heliconiadas. — -que— -que: G., 478; 
A., 43, 2, a. — pallidamque Pireuen : Pirene is the fountain of 
Acrocorinthus, where Pegasus was broken in by Bellerophon. 
The poetic virtue of its water was a late discovery. Pallidam, 
attribute for effect. Comp. pallida mors, x^upbv Mog, and the 
like. The pallor of students and poets needs no illustration. 

5. remitto : d<ph]fii, for the more usual relinquo, which is a com- 
mon v. 1. Kisselius {Specimen criticum, p. 51) cites Cic, De Orat., 1, 
58 : tibi remittunt istam voluptatem et ea se carere patiuntur ; and 
Tac, Hist, 4, 11 : vim principis compilecti, nomen remittere. — 
imagines: 'busts' (set up in libraries, public and private). 
Comp. ut dignus venias foederis et imagine macra, Jut., 7, 29. — 
lambunt : more frequently used of flames. 

6. hederae : Notice the plural, ' ivy wreaths,' Gr., 195, R. 6. The 
ivy, being sacred to Bacchus, formed the wreath of victors in 
scenic contests; thence transferred to poets generally. — sequa- 
ces : ' lissom, pliant.' Peesius seldom, if ever, uses a merely de- 
scriptive epithet, and hence some commentators have detected a 
sneer in these words, 'lackeying ivy belicks.' — seniipaganus : 
'poor half-brother of the guild' (Conington). The paganus is 
admitted to all the sacra pagi {paganalia) ; the semipaganus is a 
lay-brother. Peesius is not a votes, but a semivates. He is not 
initiated into what AuiSTOPHAisfES calls the yewaiwv opyia Mowo-wv, 
Ran., 356. Those who believe that the Satires of Peesius were 
aimed at Nero, see in semipaganus, ' half-educated,' as well as in 
the last seven verses, a deliberate disguise of the poet's real con- 
dition, as a man of culture and of wealth. They overlook the 
sneer at the class which he is not worthy to join. 



74 . NOTES. 

7. vatiim: with the same tone of derision as in the English 
equivalent, ' bards.' — nostrum: perhaps not simply = meum, but 
' native, home-made.' 

8. expedmt : Expedire and conari both imply difficulty (Jahn), 
but the difficulty is completely conquered in expedire; not so in 
conari. The parrot, if not a Greek (ipiTTaicog), is a Hellenized 
Hindoo (bitak), and has learned to utter glibly his familiar Bon- 
jour. The magpie is an Italian, and not so deft. Others regard 
this interpretation, which is essentially Jahn's, as too subtle, and 
make verba nostra, which many prefer to nostra verba, simply 
equivalent to 'human speech.' — chaere = x a ^i° e - Greek was the 
language of small talk, love talk, parrot-talk. 

10. magister artis ingenique largitor : Magister, of that which 
is taught ; largitor, of that which conies from nature's bounty ; 
-que combines the two into an exhaustive unit (G., 478 ; A., 43, 3, 
a). The thought recurs in numberless forms. Comp. d mvia, 
Aiocpavre, (i6va rag rkxvag lyeipei, Theocr., 21, 1 ; Paupertas omnes 
artis perdocet, Platjt., Stich., 1, 3. 23 (Jahn). Add xp^ a HtSatrtti, 
icav ftpaSvg rig y, vcxpov, Eur., fr. 709 (Nauck), and Alexis, fr. 205 
(3, 479 Mein.), where the yaar^p is expressly mentioned. Birds, 
it seems, were trained to talk by hunger. 

11. negatas: (a natura). — artifex sequi : poetic syntax for a. 
sequendi. G., 424, R. 4. (comp. 429, R. 4) ; A., 57, 8, /, 3. A so-call- 
ed Greek construction. See 1, 59. 70. 118 ; 5, 15. 24; 6, 6. 24.— 
seqm=sectaH. — voces: (articulate) 'speech.' 

12. quod si: 'Nay, if but.' Commentators on Horace still in- 
dulge in remarks on the unpoetical character of quod si, copying 
Orelli on Od., 1, 1, 35. If quod si is prosaic, Propertius is to be 
pitied; he uses it at every turn. — dolosi: 'seductive, alluring.' 
Persius does not deal much in 'general epithets;' hence S6\iov 
dpSog (Prm>., Pyth., 4, 140) is not a sufficient parallel. — refulse- 
rit : better every way than refulgeat, which Jahn accepts in his 
ed. of 1868. The Perf. Subj. is more vivid and more correct than 
the Present. Be- must not be overlooked. Like the English 
1 again,' it denotes the reversal of a previous condition. Befidgere, 
1 to catch the eye by its glitter,' ' to flash on the sight ' — whereas 
it lay unnoticed before. — numuii: better translated as a coin. 
Comp. ' The Splendid Shilling,' ' The Almighty Dollar ;' per- 



SATIRE I. 75 

haps ' The Magic Sixpence.' Comp. Juv., 7, 8 : nam si Pieria 
quadrans tibi nullus in umbra \ ostendatur, etc. 

13.corvos poetas et poetridas picas: 'Raven poets and po- 
etess pies,' the substantive standing for an epithet, like jpopa ven- 
ter, 6, 74. Which of the substantives is adjective to the other 
does not appear. For the corvus, Poe and Dickens will answer 
as well as Macrob., Sat. 2, 4. The male poet has a female coun- 
terpart in the magpie (pica). According to Ov. (Met., 5, 294, 
foil.), the daughters of Pierus, the Macedonian, were changed 
into magpies because they had challenged the Muses to a con- 
test, and reviled the victorious goddesses. There seems to be an 
allusion to the literary ladies of the day, the blue-stockings of 
Juvenal's Satire (6, 434 foil.). See Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, 
1, 481. Poetridas after Gr. analogy. 

14. cantare nectar s a poetic extension of the cognate accusa- 
tive =nectareum carmen cantare (G., 331 ; A., 52, 1, b). Nectar is 
copied from Pind., 01., 7, 7 (vsKrap x v ™ v , Moiaav S6<nv), and when 
combined with Pegaseium is sufficiently grandiloquent to be as 
absurd as it is intended to be. The old reading, melos (/xkXog), 
with its faulty quantity, rarely finds a champion against nectar. 



FIRST SATIRE. 

This Satire is an attack on the literature of the day as the efflores- 
cence of the corruption of the times. The age is personified by a critic- 
al friend, but it is not always easy to determine when the poet is speak- 
ing and when the friend, or when the satirist is meeting an imaginary 
objection from some other imaginary quarter. The unreality of the 
whole dialogue is confessed with more candor than art in v. 44. Instead 
of a firm outline, we have a floating quisquis es. 

Argument. — The poem opens with a line, which Persius recites to 
his man of straw, w T ho forthwith urges him to abandon authorship (1-3). 
The poet acknowledges that he is at odds with his generation and ex- 
pects no applause at their hands. But little does he care for their 
praise; let them prefer a Labeo to him. Their standard is not his 
standard. He is his own canon. He will not, can not follow the ad- 
vice of his friend. He must obey the impulse of his temper and speak 
out (4-12). 



76 NOTES. 

Whether we write laborious verse or laborious prose— so the attack 
begins — it is all one; display and applause are the aim and object of 
both. The style is fustian ; the delivery wanton ; the theme prurient. 
The bard is little better than a bawd (13-23). And yet so deeply rooted 
is this love of praise that learning is loss, unless it be minted into gold- 
en opinions, and knowledge is naught until it be known of men. To be 
pointed out as a lion, to be used as a school classic — what glory ! (24- 
30). Oh, yes ! A glory shared by the dainty ditties, the mewling ele- 
gies of lisping, snuffling dandies, for this is what calls forth the approval 
of the after-dinner circle. Such is the praise that is to bless the poet 
even after death ! (30-40). It is true that fame is not to be despised. 
No poet but feels his heart vibrate to praise. But the popular acclaim 
is not the ultimate standard. Mad epics, elegies thrown off in a surfeit, 
effusions of aristocratic easy-chairs are alike lauded. A man feeds the 
hungry and clothes the naked, and then asks for a candid opinion. 
Mockery of criticism ! (40-62). The taste of the people relishes nothing 
but smooth verses — verses without flaw or break, faultless machine- 
verses — which answer any turn, and serve alike for satire, for eclogues, 
for heroic strains (63-75). Others, again, call themselves passionate 
pilgrims to the well of Latin undcfiled, and linger over the obsolete 
magniloquence of Pacuvius and Accius. A fine ollapodrida — this jum- 
ble of modern affectation and ancient trumpery (76-82). Bad as this is 
in literature, how much worse it is to find that the jargon of the salon 
has become the language of the courts, and that the manly Roman speech 
is dead. Even in a matter of life and death, the accused thinks more 
of his rhetorical than of his judicial sentence, and listens for a 'Pretty 
good,' as if that were the verdict (83-91). It will not do to say that 
great improvements have been made in the art of verse. Smooth are 
the verses and resonant, but at the cost of sense, of manly vigor. Once 
catch the trick, and any body can reel off such lines (92-106). Ears are 
ticklish, our satirist admits. Truth is an unwelcome rasp, and the cold 
shoulder of great men no toothsome meal. Police regulations are 
stringent. 'Commit no nuisance' is posted everywhere. Ah, well! 
It was otherwise in the time of Lncilius. That was a free world in 
which he craunched Lupus and Mucius. It was otherwise in the time 
of Horace. That was a gay world, in which he tickled while he taught. 
And is the poet not to mutter even ? King Midas's barber told his 
master's secret to a ditch. Where can a ditch be found? Here in this 
book (107-121). Few readers can our author hope or desire— only such 
as have studied closely the great masters of the Attic sock, not such as 
ignorantly make a mock of Greek attire and Greek science, pride them- 
selves on petty local honors, and rise to no higher conception of wit or 
fun than a dog-fight or a jibe at personal infirmity (122-134). 

It has been well observed that this is the only Satire of Persius in the 



SATIRE I. 77 

strict sense of the term ; the other five have rather the character of es- 
says on moral themes. 

One of the best commentaries on this poem is the famous 114th Epistle 
of Seneca. 

The student of English literature will remember that Gifford's Baviad 
is an imitation of this piece. • 

1-7. At the very outset we encounter a difficulty in the distri- 
bution of the first lines between P. (Persius) and M. (Monitor, as 
the second interlocutor is usually called). The arrangement fol- 
lowed in the text may be explained thus : 

P. (is discovered absorbed in contemplation. He recites a line from 
his projected poem). — 'Vanity of vanities !' 

M. — Who will read this stuff of yours ? 

P. (wakes up). — Do you mean that for me ? Why, no one, of 
course. 

M. — No one ? 

P. — Next to no one. 

M. — A lame and impotent conclusion ! 

P. — Why so ? Am I to fear that Polydamas and the Trojan 
dames shall make up their minds to give Labeo the preference 
over me? Stuff! Don't assent, when muddled Rome rejects a 
thing as light weight, and do not trouble yourself to get the 
faulty tongue of that pair of scales to work right, and look not 
outside of yourself for what you can find only within yourself. 

1. curas hominum ! quantum est in rebus inane I Homi- 
nes and res are both used for ' the world,' sometimes singly, some- 
times together. Res is often to be omitted in translation, or an- 
other turn given. quantum est in rebus inane, ' Vanity of vani- 
ties ' — a suitable Stoic text. There seems to be no allusion to 
Lucretius's common phrase, in rebus inane. 

2. Quis leget haec 1 a quotation from Lucilius, according to 
the scholiast. Jahn follows Pinzger in supposing that the quo- 
tation begins with curas hominum ! See, however, L. Muller, 
Lucilius, p. 194. 

3. vel duo vel nemo : is more guarded, and hence (by Litotes) 
stronger than nemo. Comp. Gr. y\ rig ?) ovdeig. 

4. ne mini praetulerint : an elliptical sentence, such as we 



78 NOTES. 

often find in final relations (A., 70, 3,/), in English as well as in 
Latin (G., 688, R.). The sequence is not common in the classic 
period, but see G., 512, K. Comp. Plaut., Aul., 2, 3, 11 ; Liv., 
44, 22, and Weissenborn in loc. The Greek would be : \ii\ irpori- 
firjvojm. — Polydamas : Some write Polydamas, corresponding 
with the Homeric form, UovXvSdpag ; but Polydamas (UojXvddpag) 
is the Sicilian Doric, like polypus (7rojXv7rog). The allusion is to 
a familiar passage in Hom., II., 22, 100. 104. 5 : UovXvddfiag pot 
7rpu>Tog eXey%£t7/v dvaSrjaEi — vvv d' eirei wXecra Xabv draaSaXiyuiv t/xy- 
aiv | aidsopai Tpioag icai TpydSag eXKBanreTrXovg. These are the 

words of Hector, as he steels his great heart to meet Achilles. 
Polydamas is the counsellor who had urged him (18, 254) to 
withdraw the Trojans into Troy, and Hector is ashamed to turn 
back and encounter the rebuke of Polydamas and the reproaches 
of his people. Persius uses Polydamas as the type of the Ro- 
man critic, and by a familiar satiric stroke leaves out the Trojan 
men, as if they were no men in Rome. Others understand 
' Nero and his effeminate court.' The Homeric passage had been 
well worn by Aristotle and Cicero (Att., 2, 5, 1 ; 7, 1, 4 ; 8, 16, 
2) before it came to Persius. There is perhaps a side-thrust at 
the pride of the old Roman families in their Trojan descent. 
Comp. Juv., 1, 100: iubet apraecone vocari \ ipsos Troiugenas; also 
8, 181. See Friedlander, Sittengesch., 1, 230. — Labeonem: the 
Attius (Labeo) of v. 50, an unfortunate translator of Homer, who 
stuck close to the letter. The scholiast has preserved a line. 
'Qfxbv j3ef3pwBoig Ii.piap.ov ILpidpoio re 7raidag (II., 4, 35) is rendered 
thus : crudum manduces Priamum Priamique pisinnos. ' Raw 
you'd munch both Priam himself and Priam's papooses.' 

5. nugae : The accusative is more common. Comp. Gr., 340, 
R. 1. — non accedas— nee quaesiveris : Non and nee, where Quin- 
tilian's rigid rule (1, 5, 50) requires ne and neve. G., 266, R. 1 ; 
A., 41, 2, e. Comp. 3, 73 and 5, 45.— turbida : ' muddle-headed ' 
(Conington). But comp. Alexandre® turuida, Auson., Clar.Urb., 
3,4. 

6 ? 7. elevet : ' reject as light' The figure is taken from weigh- 
ing, doubtless a common trope in the schools. — examen : (Jllum, 
ligida) is the 'index, tongue, or needle' which is said to be in- 
prouum, ' faulty,' ' wilful,' ' untoward,' because it does not move 



SATIRE I. 79 

freely or accurately on its pivot— trutina : (Gr. Tpvravri), a word 
of doubtful etymology and loose application, means here ' a bal- 
ance, 1 ' a pair of scales,' not, as the scholiast says, the foramen, 
'fork' or ' cheeks,' in which the examen plays.— castiges —percu- 
tias (Schol.) of the tap given to a hitching balance. Gesner, s. v., 
regards cdstigare here as equivalent to conpescere (5, 100), a view 
which has a good deal in its favor. The notion is not ' do not 
correct the popular standard,' but ' do not try to get an exact re- 
sult by the popular standard (for your guidance).' Hermann 
(Lect.Pers.,11., 9) follows those who understand the examen and 
trutina of different instruments : Noli examen tuum inpopuli tru- 
tina castigare* So Pretor, who translates : ' Do not try to cor- 
rect the erring tongue of your delicate balance by applying to 
it a pair of ordinary scales.'— nee te quaesiveris extra: (te) ' Nor 
look for yourself (what you can find only in yourself) outside 
of yourself.' ' Be your own norm.' Others arrange : nee quaesive- 
ris extra te, ' Nor ask any opinion but your own.' 

8-12. The distribution followed is that of Jahn (1843), which 
gives nolo (v. 11) to the interlocutor. The jerky, self-interrupting 
discourse is supposed to be characteristic of the petulante splene 
cachinno. ' What is the use of consulting Rome ? Every body 
there is an— If I might say what ! If I might ? Surely I may, 
when I consider how old we are become, how grum we are, and 
all the step-fatherly manner of our lives, since the days of " com- 
moneys " and " alley tors." Indulge me. It can not be. What 
am I to do ? Nothing ? But I am a man of laughter with a 
saucy spleen.' 

8. nam Rcmae quis non? The suppressed predicate is to be 
supplied from the general scope of the passage. The sentence 
is not completed in v. 121 (auriculas asini habet), for the simple 
reason that Persius did not write quis non in that passage, 
but Mida rex. 

* No satisfactory treatment of this subject is accessible to me. The Greek 
and Latin dictionaries are wildly at variance with one another and with the au- 
thorities. Examen seems to have been originally the strap by which the beam 
was suspended— not from ag, but from ap. See Isiooe., Orig., 16, 23, and comp. 
amentum (ammentum). Add Lttcil., 16, 14 (L. Muller). Eustathios's rpvrdvti 
enl i>yoi5 h TtipojUfi/ri tuJ f3Jpei twv 07KW1/ points to the pivot (knife-edge) as the 
first meaning of trutina. 

D2 



80 NOTES. 

9. cum — aspexi: Cum is equivalent to postquam here. G., 
567 ; A., 62, 3, e. — canitiem : ' premature old age,' ' loss of youth- 
ful freshness. ' All through this satire the poet lashes old age, 
as commentators have observed. So here, and 22. 26. 56. 79. 
The ' hoary head ' is not a ' crown of glory,' but a sign of de- 
bauchery ; the ' fair, round belly,' which is not uncomely in the 
elderly justice, is nothing but a swagging paunch ; the bald pate 
is not a mirror of honor, but a mirror of dishonor ; in short, ' no 
fool like an old fool.' Especially severe is Persius on the ' used- 
up ' man ; and the affected moralizing of young men, who had 
outlived their youth before they had had time to forget the 
games of boyhood, drove him to satire. On the Neronian hy- 
pothesis, Persius is endeavoring to masquerade as an old man. 
— nostrum istud vivere triste : ' sour way of life.' This is a so- 
called Jigura Graeca, which out-Greeks the Greeks. Good au- 
thors are very cautious in adding an attribute to the infinitive, 
and do not go beyond ipsum, hoc ipsum. Scire tuum, v. 27 ; ridere 
meum, v. 122 ; Telle suum, 5, 53 ; sapere nostrum, 6, 38, can not be 
rendered literally into the language from which they are sup- 
posed to be imitated. Nursery infinitives (3, 17) belong to a 
different category. 

10. nucibus : The modern equivalent is ' marbles.' The very 
games survive. (See 3, 50.) It is hardly necessary to prove that 
putting away such childish things means becoming a man. Da 
nuces pueris, iners \ conciibine: satis diu j lusisti nucious, Ca- 
tull., 61, 127-9. 

11. patruos: On the accusative, see G., 329, K. 1 ; A., 52, 1, c. 
The patruorum rigor was proverbial. Owing to the legal posi- 
tion of the paternal uncle, who was often the guardian, it is the 
patruus, not the avunculus, who is the type of severity. So the 
cruel uncle of the ballad of the ' children in the wood ' is the la- 
ther's brother. 

12. quid faciam? G., 258 ; A., 57, 6.— sed : (I know you want 
me to do nothing), ' but ' (I can't keep quiet) ' I am a laugher 
born.' — petulante : literally, ' given to butting,' hence ' saucy ' 
— splene : The seat of laughter. — cachinno : a substantive, per- 
haps built by Persius on the analogy of bibo, epulo, erro, etc. 
Comp. glutto, 5, 112; palpo, 5, 176. Hermann, following Hein- 



SATIRE I. 81 

dorf, makes cacMnno a verb, and reads : tunc, tunc — ignoscite, nolo; 
quidfaciam sed sum petulante splene — cachinno, ' Then — then — ex- 
cuse me — I would rather not — what am I to do ? — I can't help 
it — my spleen is too much for me — I must have my laugh.' 
Jahn (1868) accepts tunc, tunc — ignoscite, nolo, but goes no fur- 
ther. 

13-23. The battery opens. Verse-wright and writer of prose 
alike care for nothing except applause. Follows a vivid picture 
of a popular recitation. 

13. Scribimus inclusi: Coinp. scribimus indocti, etc. Hor., 
Ep., 2, 1, 117.— inclusi: 'in closet pent 7 (Gilford's Baviad), to 
show the artificial and labored character of the composition in 
contrast with the beggarly result. Markland's ingenious conject- 
ure, inclusus numeris, is not necessary. Heinr. admires Markl., 
but retains numeros as a Greek accusative ! — numeros : ' poetry ;' 
pede liber =pede libero, ' foot-loose,' ' prose,' soluta oratio. 

14. grande : ' vast,' ' grandiose.' Grandis is always used with 
intention, which our word ' grand ' sometimes fails to give. See 
1, 68; 2, 42; 3, 45.55; 5, 7.186; 6, 22.— quod pulmo: 'some- 
thing vast enough to make a lung generous of breath pant in the 
utterance of it.' Jahn (1868) reads quo for quod; quo is not so 
vigorous. — animae praelargus: a stretch of the adjectives of 
fulness (G., 373, R. 6 ; A., 50, 3, o) ; praelargus == capacissimus. 

15. scilicet: Ironical sympathy, ' O yes !' — haec: The position 
is emphatic. — populo: 'to the public,' 'in public' The polit- 
ical force of populus has ceased. — pexus: 'with hair and beard 
well dress'd.' ' Combed ' hardly conveys the notion : say ' sham- 
pooed.' — togaque recenti : ' fresh ' (from the fuller). 

16. natalicia sardonyche : Jewelry reserved for great occa- 
sions. The brilliancy of the sardonyx is a common theme. 
Bufe mdes ilium subsellia prima tenentem \ cuius et Mnc lucet sar- 
donychata manus, Mart., 2, 29, 1-2 — tandem: shows impa- 
tience. — dJbus = albatus (coinp. 2, 40; Hor., Sat., 2, 2, 61) on ac- 
count of the toga recens. So niveos ad frena Quirites, Juv., 10, 
45. Heinr. argues at length in favor of ' pale.' 

17. sede celssL=ex cathedra.— leges: So Jahn (1868), despite 
the MSS. Legens may be explained at a pinch as ledums, a com- 
ma being put after ocello; Hermann combines with pulmo, and 



82 NOTES. 

comp. Juv., 10, 238 sq., where os stands for the owner of the 
same. Add cana gula, Juv., 14, 10. But pexus and alius make 
such a synecdoche incredible. — liquido : quia liquidam wcem effi- 
cit. Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 24, 3: cui liquidam pater \ wcem cum 
cithara dedit. The attribute is put for the effect, as in pallidum 
Pirenen, Prol., 4. — plasmate: according to Quint., 1, 8, 2, a 
technical name for the professional training of the voice, a kind 
of rhetorical solfeggio. Others understand the plasma of a gargle 
to clear the throat. 

18. mobile collueris : Mobile is predicative. Translate : ' after 
gargling your throat to suppleness by filtering modulation.' — 
patranti ocello : ' an eye that would be doing,' ' a leering, lustful 
eye.' Quint. (8, 3, 44) says ofpatrare: mala consuetudine in obsce- 
num intellectum sermo detortus. Comp. ' do ' in Shaksp., Troil. and 
Cressida, 4, 2 : Go hang yourself, you naughty, mocking uncle ! 
You bring me to do, and then you flout me too. — fractus = 
effeminatus, 'debauched,' 'languishing,' icXadapog. Conington 
translates : ' with a languishing roll of your wanton eye.' 

19. neque more probo nee voce serena : Litotes. See Prol., 1. 

20. ingentis Titos : Comp. celsi BTiamnes, Hor., A. P., 342. 
Here, however, there is a reference to size of body (like ingens 
Pulfennius, 5, 190; torosa iuventus, 3, 86; caloni alto, 5, 95), for 
which Persius seems to have had a Stoic contempt. Titi, per- 
haps another form of Tities, the old Sabine nobility (Mommsen, 
Rom. Oesch., B. 1, K. 4), of whom much aristocratic virtue might 
have been expected (sanctos licet Twrrida mores \ tradiderit domus 
ac veteres imitata Sabinos, Juv., 10, 298-9). Instead of that 
we have great, hulking debauchees. — trepidare : ' quiver.' The 
word is used indifferently of pleasant and unpleasant agitation. 
The quavering measure thrills them so that they can not sit still. 
On the infinitive, see 3, 64. 

21. scalpuntur intima : ' their marrow is tickled.' Scalpere is 
opposed to radere, 1, 107. Comp. 3, 114 ; 5, 15. 

22. tun : -ne is often found in rhetorical questions. — vetule : 
4 you old reprobate,' ' you old sinner.' — escas : ' tidbits ;' escas col- 
ligere,' 1 ' cater.' 

23. quibus et dicas : Et belongs to cute perditus, which is va- 
riously explained 'dropsical,' 'unblushing,' 'thoroughly dis- 



SATIEE I. 83 

eased.' The context requires a tough subject, and ' hide-bound ' 
or ' case-hardened ' might answer as a rendering. — ohe : a remi- 
niscence of Hor., Sat. 2, 5, 96: importunus amat laudari ; donee 
i Ohe iam" 1 \ ad caelum manibus sublatis dixerit, urge, \ crescent em 
tumidis injia sermonibus utrem, which last line helps us to under- 
stand cute perditus. Persius, as is his wont, tries to improve on 
Horace, and makes his man inelastic. 

24-43. M. Study is useless except to show what a man has in 
him. — P. A low ideal for a student. — M. Fame is a fine thing. — 
P. It would be a fine thing if it were not shared by every dinner- 
table poet. — M. You are too captious. . It is a great thing to have 
written poems that are proof against trunk-maker and pastry- 
cook. 

24. (Juo didicisse % The exclamatory infinitive with involved 
subject. G., 534 (340) ; A., 57, 8, g. 

25. iecore : the seat of the passions. Here ' heart ' or ' breast ' 
would seem to be more appropriate. — capriflcus : the wild fig- 
tree sprouts in the clefts of rocks and cracks of buildings, which 
it rends in its growth. Ad quae \ discutienda valent mala robora 
fici, Juv., 10, 145. 

26. En pallor seniumque : ' So that's the meaning of your stu- 
dious pallor (v. 124; 3,85; 5,62) and your (early) old age.' 
With senium o,om$. Hon., Ep., 1, 18,47 : inhumanae senium depone 
Camenae. Persius mocks at the weariness to the flesh which 
the student has undergone for so paltry a result. This is the 
arrangement of Jahn (1843) and Hermann. Jahn (1868) follows 
Heinr. in giving the line to the remonstrant. En, originally an 
interrogative, is, after the time of Sallttst, confounded with em, 
and combined with the nom. in the sense of em, which properly 
takes the accus. alone. So Ribbeck, Beitrage zur Lehre von den 
latein. Partikeln, S. 35. — o mores : Cicero's famous ejaculation. 
— usque adeone: Usque adeone mori miserum est, Vergl, Aen., 
12, 646 ; usque adeo nihil est, Juv., 3, 84. 

27. scire tuum nihil est, etc. : ' And is thy knowledge nothing 
if not known' (Gifford). These jingles were much admired in 
antiquity. The passage from Lucilius, which Persius is said to 
have imitated, reads, according to L. Miiller (fr. inc., 40, 73) : ne 
dampnum faciam, scire hoc sibi nesciat is me. A better example in 
Lucr., 4, 470. 



84 NOTES. 

28. At ; objects. See G., 490 ; A., 43, 3, b. — digito monstrari : 
datcTvXy StiKweSai (SaKTv\odeiKTel(TBai). Quod monstror digito 
praetereuntium, Hon., Od., 4, 3, 22 ; saepe aliquis digito vatem de- 
signat euntem, Ov., Am., 3, 1. 19. — hie est: ovtoq ticeZvog, in the 
well-known story of Demosthenes. Cic, Tusc. Dis., 5, 36. — di- 
cier: On the form, see G\, 191, 2; A., 30, 6, e, 4. So fallier, 3, 
50. 

29. cirratorum : ' curl-pates.' Jahn cites Mart., 9, 29, 7 : Ma- 
tutini cirrata caterva magistri. School-boys wore their hair 
long, but Persius does not waste his epithets, and ' youths of 
quality ' are doubtless meant. Comp.the lautorum pueros of Juv., 
7, 177. — dietata: 'Persius takes not only higher schools, but 
higher lessons, dietata being passages from the poets read out by 
the master (for want of books) and repeated by the boys ' (Co- 
nington). Translate ' a lesson-book,' a ' school classic' 

30. Ecee : introduces a satiric sketch of ' classic poets at 
work.' — inter pocula: 'over their cups.' Poems were read at 
table by an avayvworrjg, as lives of the saints are still read in re- 
ligious houses. 

31. Roinulidae: Comp. Titos, v. 20; trossulus, v. 82; Romule, 
v. 87. — dia: Ssla, an affected word. 'Let us hear,' say the com- 
pany, ' what his charming verses are about ' (Pretor). Conington 
renders : ' What news from the divine world of poesy ?' 

32. hyacinthia laena : The dandies of the day wore upper 
garments of military cut and gay colors. A similar military dan- 
dyism on the part of non-military men is observable in the Mace- 
donian period. Comp. x^a^'^opoi dvdpeg, Theocr., 15, 6, with 
the commentators. 

33. ranciduluin quiddam: 'affected stuff,' 'namby-pamby 
trash.' — balba de n&re = de nare balbutiens, 'with a nasal lisp,' 
' with a snuffle and a lisp ' (Conington). BaTbus is especially used 
of the introduction of an aspirate, and ' lisp,' which involves a 
spirant, is only approximate. Comp. Savfia fisya, inquid balba, 
Luctl., 6, 20, with L. Muller's note. — locutus: Perf. Part, where 
we should expect a Present. G-., 278, R. 

34. Phyllidas Hypsipylas : Phyllis, fearing that she had been 
deserted by her lover, Demophon, hanged herself, and was 
changed into an almond-tree (Ov., Her., 2). Hypsipyle of Lem- 



SATIRE I. 85 

nos, after bearing two children to Jason, was forsaken by him 
(Ov., Her., 6). These doleful themes (plorabilia) were popular in 
Persius's time. The plural is contemptuous in Latin as in En- 
glish. 

35. eliquat: 'filters.' Every rough particle is strained out so 
as to make the voice ' liquid.' The passage from Apul., Flor., p. 
351, Elm., cited by Jahn, canticum videtur ore tereti semihmnti- 
bus in conatu labellis eliquare, indicates a cooing position of the 
lips, in which the mouth simulates a colander. — supplantat: 
v7ro<Tice\i&i (Luctl., 29, 50, L. M.), ' trips up.' To judge by Hon., 
Sat., 2, 3, 274, balba feris annoso verba palato, of which the lan- 
guage of Persius seems to be an exaggeration, the sounds im- 
pinge upon the roof of the mouth instead of coming out boldly — 
a kind of lolling utterance. — tenero : adds another shade : the 
tripping is light, for the roof is sensitive ; ' minces his words 
as though his mouth were sore' (Pretor). 

36. adsensere viri : Observe the Epic vein. Adsensere omnes, 
Verg., Aen., 2, 130; adsensere dii, Ov., Met., 9, 259 (Jahn). Viri, 
' heroes.' — non- i — non- 1 On the form of the question, see G., 455 ; 
A.,71,1,R. 

37. levior eippns: Sufficiently familiar is the old wish, SIT • 
TIBI • TERRA • LEVIS, which, like the modern R • I • P • , was 
promoted to the dignity of initials (S • T • T • L • ).— ossa : Patrono 
meo ossa bene quiescant, Petron., 39. 

38. inanibus = cineribus, ' remains ' (Conington). On this ' ma- 
terialism,' see Tylor, Primitive Culture, 2, 24 foil. 

40. nascentur violae : ' Lay her i' the earth | and from her 
fair and unpolluted flesh | may violets spring? Shaksp., Hamlet, 
5, 1.— < Rides' ait: As in Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 43. Ait is used like 
inquit (G., 199, R. 3), without any definite reference. — nimis un- 
cis | narihus indulges : ' you are too much given to hooking, 
curling your nose.' Naribus uti, Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 45; naso 
adunco, Hor., Sat., 1, 6,5. 

41. an: when used alone is more or less rhetorical, and is in- 
tended to force a conclusion involved in the foregoing ; ' What ?' 
4 So then V G., 459 ; A., 71, 2, b. Persius's use of it is instruct- 
ive: v.87; 2,19,26; 3,19.27.61; 5,83.125.163.164; 6,51.63. 
— Telle meruisse: See G., 275, 2; A., 53, 11, d, for the tense of 



86 NOTES. 

meruisse. The Perf. after velle is legal rather than Greek. Comp. 
v. 91, qui me volet incurvasse querela. So Hon. (Sat. 2, 3, 187), 
mimicking the legal tone: ne quis liumasse velit Aiacem, Atri- 
da, vetas? cur? Other Perf. Infinitives with varying motives are 
found: 1,132; 2,66; 4,7.17; 5,24.33; 6,4.6.17.77. 

42. os populi : ' popular applause,' ' a place in the mouths of 
men ' (Conington). Comp. the phrase in ore esse. — cedro digna : 
Cedar oil was used to preserve manuscripts. Speramus carmina 
ftngi | posse linenda cedro, Hon., A. P., 331-2. 

43. nee scomforos nee tus ; The fear of the mackerel is a stroke 
of Catullus, 95, 8, which Milton imitates, Ep., 10 : gaudete scom- 
Iri. Comp. Mart., 4, 86, 8. For tus, comp. Hon., Ep., 2, 1, 269 : 
deferay in mourn vendentem tus et odores \ et piper et quicquid char- 
tis amicitur ineptis. The modern equivalent is the grocer or the 
pastry-cook. 

44-62. The poet gives up his dramatizing and speaks in his 
own person. ' I am not indifferent to fame, but I reject a stand- 
ard which approves such stuff as Labeo's, such ditties as "per- 
sons of quality " dictate after dinner, a standard which makes a 
hot dish the test of poetic fervor, and covers a multitude of po- 
etic sins with a cast-off cloak. If you had eyes in the back of 
your head, you would see that all this praise is for value re- 
ceived.' 

44.dicerefeci: G.,527,R.l; A„ 70, 2. 

45. non ego : ' I do not decline your praise — no, not I.' G., 
447; A., 76, 3, d. Comp. 2, 3; 3, 78; and Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 37, 
non ego ventosae plebis suffragia venor. — si forte quid aptius exit s 
'if I chance to turn out (off) a rather neat piece of work.' Exit 
may mean ' to leave the shop ' {ex officina exire, Cic, Parad., pr. 
5), or ' to leave the potter's wheel,' as urceus exit, Hor., A. P., 22 
(Jahn). Conington translates ' hatch ' on account of rara avis. 
Kaicdv (j>6v. The passage is imitated by Quint., 12, 10, 26. 

46. quando: gives the reason for his saying si forte. There is 
no necessity of writing quanquam, but the translation ' although ' 
is not unnatural, as causative particles are often adversative. 
Comp. cum and Gr. lirei. — rara avis : proverbial as in the famous 
line of Juv., 6, 165. 

47. laudari inetnam: So Hor., metuens audiri, Ep., 1, 16, 60; 



SATIKE I. 87 

metuit tangi, Od., 3, 11, 10. In prose the construction is less 
common with metuo than with vereor. G., 552, R. 1 ; M., 376, Obs. 
— cornea : ' of horn.' The metaphorical use seems to be novel. 
Comp. HoM., Od., 19, 211: otySaXfioi d' tog ee icepa 'iaraaav tje aidr]- 
pog.— flora : ' heart.' See 5, 29. 

48. recti flnemque extremumque : 'the ultimate standard.' 
Conington renders ' be-all and end-all.' 

49. euge, belle : like decenter (v. 84), are current expressions 
of approbation at public readings. Euge, ' bravo !' belle, ' well 
said !' decenter, ' pretty fair !' Martial gives us a list of popular 
comments (2, 27, 3-4): Effecte! graviter ! stf nequiter ! euge! 
beate! \ hoc voluif — excute: a favorite word with Persius as 
with Seneca, Ep., 13, 8 ; 16, 7 ; 22, 10 ; 26, 3 ; De Ira, 3, 36 (Jahn). 
The metaphor is taken from shaking clothes in order to get 
out any thing that may be concealed in them — Gr., Ikguziv. We 
should say ' analyze.' 

50. quid lion intus hahet : The figure is kept up. ' What is 
not covered up in that beggarly rag of a belief' — non = nonne. 
G., 445 and R. ; A., 71, 1.— Atti: See v. 4.— Hias ebria: Comp. 
ebrius sermo, Sen., Ep., 19, 9. 

51. veratro: white hellebore (album multum terribilius nigro, 
Plin., H. N., 25, 5, 21), a strong emetic, w T hich students took 'to 
quicken their wits.' The modern veratrum is a different drug. 
— elegidia: contemptuous, 'bits of elegies' on such themes as 
Phyllis and Hypsipyle. E. a Greek word not in Greek lexicons, 
like poetridas, Prol., 13. — crudi: with their dinners undigested 
and their brains muddled. 

52. dictarunt: 'extemporize.' — lectis: 'sofas.' The ancients 
wrote in a recumbent posture far more frequently than we do. 

53. citreis : ' of citron wood,' ' wood of the thyia' (Thyia ar- 
ticulator, African Arbor Vitae, Plin., 15, 29). The fabulous cost 
of tables of this material is well known. Cic, Verr., 4, 17, 37. — 
scis : ' you know how.' Scire in this sense is related to posse, as 
Fr. savoir to pouvoir, a traditional distinction. — calidum : ' hot- 
and-hot' (Pretor). — ponere: 1. 'serve up;' 2. 'cause to serve up,' 
'treat to.' Heri non tarn bonum posui et multo honestiores cena- 
bant, Petron., 34. — suinen : a dainty dish in the eyes of Greek 
and Roman. Comp. vulva nil pulchrius ampla, Hor., Ep., 1, 15, 



88 NOTES. 

41; Plut., Sanit. Praec., 124 F; Alciphk., Ep., 1, 20; and the 
joke in Alexis, fr. 188 (3, 473 Mein.).- 

54. comiteiu horridulum trita donare lacerna : This is the 
kind of patronage that galled Lucian (De Merced. Cond., 37), who 
mentions the paltry present of an l<pe<TTpidiov aSXiov ?) x iT( ^ vl0V 
vTrovaSpov. On the word comitem, see 3, 7. Horridulum comitem, 
' shivering beggar of a companion,' ' poor devil in your suite.' 
For the custom, comp. Hon., Ep., 1, 19, 37 : Non ego ventosae pie- 
Ms suffragia venor \ impensis cenarum et tritae munere testis. 

56. qui pote % Pote is an archaism for potis. Both potis and pote 
are used as predicates without regard to number and gender. — 
vis dicam : G., 546, R. 3 ; A., 70, 3,/, R. Vis does not wait for an 
answer. See 6, 63. — nugaris : ' you are a twaddler ' (Coning- 
ton). — calve : Persius calls up his vetulus (v. 22) again, and 
gives him a huge ' bombard ' of a belly. Nero had a venter pro- 
iectus, and some editors fancy that Nero's person is aimed at here, 
and Nero's poetry in the verses that follow. See Introd., xxxvi. 

57.aqualiculus: (said properly to mean 'a pig's stomach') 
'paunch,' 'cloak-bag of guts,' Shaksp. — protenso sesquipede: 

Comp. the Greek proverb : 7ra%aa yaarrjp Xeirrbv ov t'iktu voov. 
Even M. Martha is forced to say : Le trait rCest ni spirituel ni 
poli {Moralistes Romains, p. 147). For the justification, see v. 
128. Jahn (1843) reads propenso. 

58. lane : Janus, who sees both ways, is secure from being 
laughed at behind his back. — ciconia pinsit =.pinsendo ludit. 
The fingers of the mocker imitate the clapping of the stork's bill. 
Pinsit, 'pounds,' because the ciconia levat ac deprimit rostrum 
dum clangit, Isidor., Orig., 20, 15, 3. 'Pecks at' is not cor- 
rect ; ' claps ' is nearer. What seems to be meant is mock ap- 
plause. 

59. auriculas: The imitation of ass's ears by the hands be- 
longs to universal culture. — iinitari mofoilis = «<2 imitandum m. 
G., 424, R. 4 ; A., 57, 8,/.— albas : on account of the white lining. 
Ov., Met., 11, 176 : aures — villis alb ent id us implet. 

60. linguae : The thrusting out of the tongue in derision is as 
common now as it was then. — canis Apula: Apulia was the 
diipiov "Apyog of Italy. Siticidosae Apidiae, Hor., Epod., 3, 16. — 
tantae : So Jahn and Herm. ' Tongues big enough to represent 



SATIRE I. 89 

the thirst of an Apulian hound ' (Pretor). Jahn compares for the 
construction, Luc, 1, 259 : quantum rura silent, tanta quies. Con- 
ington considers tantum ' much neater,' and makes quantum sitiat 
= quantum sitiens protendat, ' a length of tongue protruded like 
an Apulian dog in the dog-days.' 

61. vos, o patricius sanguis : Hon., A. P., 291 : vos, o \ Pompilius 
sanguis. The Norn, for the Vocative in solemn address. G., 194, 
R. 3 ; A., 53, a. — fas est=fatum est, 'it is ordained.' 

62. occipiti : Notice the exceptional Abl. in i. Comp. Atjson., 
Epigr., 12, 8 : occipiti calvo es, and capiti, v. 83. — posticae : chiefly 
of the back part of a building : ' back-stairs ' (Conington). — 
occurrite: 'turn round and face' (Conington and Pretor). — 
sannae : ' flout,' ' gibe,' ' fleer,' h&koq. 

63-82. Persius takes up the thread which Janus had rudely 
snapt: 'We have heard the bounden praise of dependants. 
What does the town say ? Why, they admire the smooth flow 
of the verse, the grand style. If they find these requisites, little 
do they care about theme or order of development ; the 'prentice 
hand that bungles an eclogue, undertakes an epic — nay, jumbles 
eclogue and epic — Bravo, poet ! all the same. Another mania 
is the passion for the old poets, a Pacuvian revival. What is 
to be expected when all this bubble-and-squeak language is the 
daily food of our children and the dear delight of lecture-halls V 

63. (Juis=:^i. G., 105; A., 21, 1, a. — quis enim: Enim, like 
yap ; ' why, what else V ' of course.' G., 500 ; A., 43, 3, d. 

64. nunc demuin : as if something marvellous had been ac- 
complished. — severos : ' captious, critical.' 

65. effundat : ' suffers to glide smoothly,' a harsh expression. 
— iunctura : The image is that of the joining of pieces of mar- 
ble, as in an opus tessella.tum. Comp. Lucil., fr. inc., 10, 83 (L. 
M.) : quam lepide \e%eig conpostae, ut tesserulae, omnes \ arte pammen- 
ti atque emolematV vermiculati. The poet is compared with an 
artisan, not with an artist. He knows how to fit the pieces to- 
gether so perfectly as to present a continuous smooth surface to 
the pressure of the most exacting nail. Comp. v. 92. — tendere 
versuin : ' to lay off a verse,' as a carpenter lays off his work. 
The propriety of the word tendere is heightened, if we remember 
that the hexameter was called the versus longus. 



90 NOTES. 

66, Carpenter-like, the versewright stretches his ruddled line 
(rubrica), sights it (pculo derigit uno), and springs it. The 
modern carpenter uses chalk instead of ruddle, but the red « 
pencil may be regarded as a survival of color. For references, 
see Rost's Passow, s. v. ordS/Mj. For the spelling derigat, remem- 
ber that dirigere is ' to point in different directions ;' derigere ' in 
one.' — ac si derigat : On the sequence, see G., 604 ; A., 61, 1, R. 

67.sive: seldom used alone; here for vel si. — in mores, in 
luxum, in prandia reguni : a kind of anticlimax. In does not 
necessarily, though it does naturally, denote hostility. The pran- 
dium was originally a very simple meal. The Stoic model is set 
up in Seneca, Ep. 83, 6 : Panis deinde siccus et sine mensa prandi- 
um, post quod non sunt lavandae manus. The manger sur le pouce 
became in time the dejeuner a la fourchette (calidum prandium, 
Plaut., Poen., 3, 5, 14), and then the dejeuner dinatoire {prandia 
cents ingesta, Sen., N. Q., 4, 13, 6). Begum, 'grandees,' 'nabobs,' 
belongs to prandia alone. 

68. res grandis : ' sublimities.' 

69. heroas : used as an adjective. — sensns : ' sentiments.' — ad« 
ferre : ' parade,' ' bring on parade.' On the Inf., see 3, 64. 

70. nugari graece : ' dabble in Greek verses,' a phase of fash- 
ionable education, no more peculiar to Nero than to Horace 
(Sat. 1, 10, 31). — ponere lucnm: 'put before our eyes,' 'paint,' 
' describe.' Lucus, a favorite poetic theme. Jahn thinks of the 
grove in which Mars and Rhea Silvia met, Juv., 1, 7. Perhaps 
young poets tried their skill on groves, as young draughtsmen 
on trees. 

71. artifices : With artifices ponere comp. artifex sequi, Prol., 11. 
— rus saturum: ' lush, teeming country.' — corbes— focus— porci : 
all ' properties ' of country life. 

72. fumosa Palilia faeno : The festival called Palilia, in honor 
of Pales (from the same radical as pa-sco), was celebrated on the 
anniversary of the founding of Rome, April 21st. It was a day 
reeking (fumosa) with bonfires of hay (faenum), over which the 
peasants leaped, doubtless ' to appease the evil spirit by a pre- 
tended sacrifice ' (Pretor). The dictionaries will furnish the loci 
classici. The other form, Parilia, is due to ' dissimilation.' 
Comp. meridies for medidies. 



SATIRE I. 91 

73. unde : ' the source of;' loosely used to show connection. — 
Remus : not unfrequently takes the place of his longer brother, 
whose oblique cases do not fit well into dactylic verse. So turba 
Remi, Juv., 10, 73; reddat signa Remi, Prop., 4, 6, 80; and the 
other examples in Freund.— sulco : . ' with ' and ' in the furrow.' 
See Prol., v., 1.— terens : ' wearing bright ' (Conington), ' furbish- 
ing.' Konig compares: sulco attritus splendescere vomer, Verg., 
Georg., 1, 46.— dentalia : 'share -beams,' Verg., Georg., 1, 171, 
with Conington's note. — Quinti : Cincinnatus, Liv., 3, 26. 

74. cum dictatorem induit: So Jahn (1843). Decidedly the 
easiest reading, but the best in connection with terens. In his 
ed. of 1868, Jahn reads quern dictatorem. Hermann objects to the 
expression, and insists on dictaturam, appealing in his preface to 
Plln., H. N., 18, 3, 20, for dictaturam in the sense of vestem dic- 
tatoriam. Surely, to k robe dictator ' and to ' robe with the dicta- 
torship ' are not far apart, and the former is the more striking 
expression.— trepida : ' flurried.' See v. 20. — ante boves : is sup- 
posed to give local coloring, and to bring before us the ' slow, 
bovine gaze ' of the astonished cattle. 

75. tua aratra: Poetic plural. — euge poeta: Here the ap- 
plause comes in. Mr. Pretor considers the words from cwbes to 
tulit ' a quotation, perhaps from one of Nero's poems.' 

76. est nunc: Persius attacks the antiquarii in imitation of 
Horace. The older Latin poets have long been restored to their 
rights. Accius and Pacuvius hardly need defenders. Hermann 
makes the sentence interrogative. — Brisaei : ' Bacchic' Brisac- 
us was an epithet of Bacchus, transferred to the poet of Bacchus, 
who was perhaps too devoted a worshipper of the god. There 
was a famous saying of Cratinus, who was in like manner called 
ravpocpayog, a surname of Bacchus : vSiop Sk ttivojv ovdev av t'ekoi go- 
<p6v, fr. 186 (2, 119 Mein.). Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 1.— venosus : 
For the figure, comp. Tac, Dial. 21. The ' standing out of the 
veins ' refers not so much to the ' shrinking of the flesh in old 
age ' (Conington), as to the scrawniness of the person. So Tacit. 
uses durus et siccus of Astnius Pollio (1. a), Gr. 1<tx v 6q- ' Angu- 
lar,' ' hard-lined,' is about what is meant. Others prefer ' thick- 
veined,' 'turgid.' — liber: of a play, Quint., 1, 10, 18; Prop., 4 
(3), 21, 28 (Jahn).— Acci: also written Atti (584-650? A. U. C.). 



92 NOTES. 

Cicero calls him gravis et ingeniosus poeta, summus poeta (pr. 
Plane, 24, 59 ; Sest., 56, 120) ; Hon., altus (Ep., 2, 1, 56) ; Ov., 
animosi oris (Am., 1, 15, 19). Pacuyius said that the composi- 
tions of Accius were sonora quidem et grandia sed duriora paulum 
et acerbiora. 

77. Pacuyius: nephew of Ennius (534-622 A. U. C). His 
great model was Sophocles. — verrucosa : ' warty,' intended to 
be a climax of ugliness. — inoretur: 'fascinates,' 'enthralls.' 
Fdbula — valdius oblectat populum rneliusque moratur, Hon., A. 
P., 321. 

78. Antiopa: imitated from a lost play of Euripides. The 
fragments have been collected by Ribbeck, Tr. Lat. Reliq., p. 62; 
comp. p. 278. Antiope, as the mother of Amphion and Zethus, 
and the victim of Dirce, is famous in literature and in art (the 
Toro Farnese). — aerunmis cor luctificabile Mta : 'who props 
her dolorific heart on teen' (Gifford). Jalm defends the concep- 
tion as truly poetical, apart from the obsolete language. ' The 
only stay of her sad heart is sorrow.' The words are doubtless 
taken from the play itself, of course in different order. Aerumna 
was out of date as early as the time of Quintilian (8, 3, 26), who 
protests against the use of it. As to luctificabile, if we go by the 
fragments, it is Accius, rather than Pacuyius, that indulges in 
such formations as horrificabilis, aspernabilis, tahificabilis, execrabi- 
lis, evocabilis. 

79. lippos : of the eyes of the mind. Comp. 2, 72. 

80. sartago: literally 'a frying-pan,' 'hubble-bubble' (Co- 
nington), 'gallimaufry,' 'galimatias,' 'olio' (Gifford), ' olla po- 
drida.' 

81. dedecus : The language is disgraced and degraded by this 
mixture of old and new. Persius would not have enjoyed Ten- 
nyson's resuscitations. See Intro d., xxiv. — in quo : ' at which.' 

82. trossulus: an old name of the Roman knights, of dis- 
puted origin. It was afterward used in derision. Jahn com- 
pares the German Junker. — exsultat: avcnrrjdy, 'jumps up in de- 
light.' — per subsellia : Jahn understands the ' benches ' or ' forms ' 
in court ; others, perhaps more correctly, the seats in the lecture- 
hall. There is a climax. First, private teaching; next, public 
lectures ; thirdly, practical life, to which we come in the follow- 



SATIRE I. 93 

ing verse. — leyis : the position is emphatic, ' the smug, woman- 
ish creature.' Levis is levigatus. Ancient literature is full of al- 
lusions to this effeminate 7rapari\<n£. 

83. nilne : stronger than nonne, ' not a blush of shame.' — ca- 
piti : rarer Ablative in i. Neue gives examples (Formenlehre, 1, 
242). The simple Abl. is found with pellere, even in prose, and 
the Dative, which some prefer, would be forced. — cano : See note 
on v. 9. 

84. quin optes : G., 551 ; A.", 65, 1, b. — tepiduin: 'lukewarm,' 
decenter being faint praise. 'In good taste' (Conington). Gr. 
7rps7r6vT<i)g. 

85. 'Fur es : ' The accuser puts his point plainly enough ; in 
three letters, as the Romans would say. — ait: Comp. v. 40. — Pe- 
dio : Jahn thinks it likely that this Pedius is not Horace's man 
(Sat., 1, 10, 28), but one Pedius Blaesus, condemned under Nero, 
Tac, Ann., 14, 18; Hist., 1, 77. Persius knew more about 
Horace than about the causes celebres of his own day. — rasis an- 
tithetis : commonly rendered ' polished antitheses.' With raclere 
comp. the Gr. dieafuXevfjievai Qpovrideg, Alexis, fr. 215 (3, 483 
Mein.). But the figure may possibly be taken from the careful 
removal of overweight in either scale of the balance. The an- 
titheses are scraped down to an exact equipoise. 

86. doctas figuras : Doctus, Scaliger's correction, which re- 
quires, moreover, a period atjlguras, is unnecessary. Doctas figu- 
ras, like artes doctae, dicta docta, doll docti. Figurae, <rxw ara ) em ~ 
braces ' tropes.' — posuisse = quod posuerit. G., 533; A., 70, 5, b. 

87. an: ' what ?' ' can it be that ?'— Romule : bitter, like Titi, 
Romulidas, trossulus. Comp. Catull., 29, 5. 9. — ceves: 'Wag 
the tail' keeps within bounds of possible translation. 

88. men moveat? So men moveat cimex Pantilius, Hor., Sat., 
1, 10, 78. The sentiment is that of the well-worn si vis me flere, 
dolendum est \ primum ipsi tibi, Hor., A. P., 102. Moveat sc. Pe- 
dius. — quippe : is often ironical, ' good sooth.' — protulerim : The 
Perf. Subj. in a sentence involving total negation. 

89. cantas? 'you sing, do you?' — fracta te in trabe pictum: 
Shipwrecked men appealed to charity by carrying about pictures 
of the disaster which had overtaken them. Comp. 6, 32. Si 
fractis enatat exspes \ navibus, aere dato qui pingitur, Hor., A. P., 



94 NOTES. 

20, and Jut., 14, 302. Trcibe is the wrecked vessel as it appears 
in the picture, although it is possible that the painting may have 
been put on a broken plank of the ship, in order to heighten the 
pathos. So Jahn. 

90. ex umero : We say ' on the shoulder,' from a different 
point of view. G., 388, K. 2. — nocte paratuin : ' got up over- 
night.' 

91. plorabit : an imperative future. — volet: Observe the great- 
er exactness of the Latin expression. G., 624 ; A., 27, 2. — incur - 
vasse: See v. 42, and add Lrv., 28, 41, 5; 30, 14, 6; 40, 10, 5, 
and the 8. C. de Bacanalibus (passim). 

92-108. 'But,' rejoins the impersonal personage, whom Per- 
sius always has at hand, ' we have made great advances in art. 
Contrast this verse and that verse with the roughness of the 
Aeneid !' — ' The Aeneid rough ? Well, what is smooth ? [Re 
gives a specimen of fashionable poetry. ~\ If we had an inch of our 
sires' backbone, such drivel would be inrpossible. And as for 
art — it is as easy as spitting.' 

I have followed the distribution as presented in Hermann. 
Jahn gives vv. 96, 97 to Persius, 98-102 to the interlocutor, the 
rest to Persius. It is impossible to discuss all the arrangements 
that have been suggested for this passage. 

92. decor : Gr. \<*P l Q- — iunctura : is used as in v. 64, of ' smooth- 
ness,' ' harmonious sequence,' the even surface without a break. 
See Quint., 9, 4, 33. All the specimen verses that follow avoid 
mechanically the offences against iunctura that Quixtilian 
enumerates, and do not avail themselves of the license which he 
accords to a grata neglegentia. There is no elision, no synaloepha, 
in any of them. As these fashionable verses have been held up 
to derision by the satirist, commentators have been busy in hunt- 
ing out defects, and translators have vied with each other in 
absurd renderings. But Jahn has wisely warned us against an 
over-curious search into the supposed faults of these verses, which 
Vossius pronounced superior to any thing in the compositions 
of the critic himself. It is enough for us to know that to the 
ear of Persius the lines lacked masculine vigor. The multipli- 
cation of diaereses, the length of the words, the careful avoid- 
ance of elision, the dainty half-rhyme of bombis and corymbis, the 



SATIRE I. t 95 

jingle of aUatura and flexura, may be cited as confirmations of 
the view of Persius, but, with the exception of the desperate 
verse 95, the diction is in keeping with the theme. If adsonat 
Echo is not ridiculous in Ovid (Met., 3, 505), it is not ridiculous 
here; and one surely needs to be told that reparabilis is not a 
happy adjective for Echo, who is always 'paying back' and 
making good. 

93. cludere versum : like concludere versum (Hon., Sat., 1, 4, 
40), is ' round a verse ' (Conington), rather than ' close a line. 1 — 
didicit: What is the subject? ' Our man,' 'our poet,' the lover 
of decor et iunctura? So most commentators. Heinr. makes 
Attis the subject. The personification of iunctura would not be 
too harsh for Persius. — Berecyiitius Attis: It suffices to re- 
fer to Catull., 63. Berecyntus, a mountain in Phrygia. 

94. Nerea : god of the sea, the water. In modern Gr. vtpov is 
' water.' The use, which Conington calls ' grotesque,' is almost 
as 'grotesque' as Vulcanus for 'fire.' The scholiast thinks of 
Arion's dolphin. Bacchus's dolphin is as likely. 

95. sic costain lougo sufoduximus Appennino: With 
the close of the verse, comp. Ov., 2, 226 : Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer 
Appenninus; and Haupt's note. ' We filched a rib from the long 
Apennine.' The interpretations are all unsatisfactory. The scho- 
liast sees in the removal of the rib from the mountain a metaphor 
for the removal of a syllable from the hexameter. The only 
point worthy of notice in this remark is the emphasis laid on the 
spondaic verse. The Oraece nugari soliti doubtless used spondaic 
verses more freely than the model Latin poets (comp. Catull., 
64). Some understand the words to refer to a forced march 
{putavi tarn pauca milla suoripi posse, Sen., Ep., 53, 1) ; others to 
the device attributed to Hannibal in crossing the Alps (montem 
rumpit aceto, Juv., 10, 153). It is all idle guess-work, without a 
context ; but, guess for guess, the expression would suit a ' Tita- 
nomachia,' and the rib might answer for a weapon, as once a 
jaw-bone did. The jingle of the verse is like Vero., Aen., 3, 549 : 
cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum, quoted by the scho- 
liast. 

96. Arma virum! ' Compare with these elegant verses Arma 
mrum; what a rough affair !' Not only were the opening words 

E 



yt> NOTES. 

of a poem used to indicate the poem itself — Mrjviv aside the Iliad, 
"AvSpa fioi IwsTcs the Odyssey, Arma virum the Aeneid — but the 
first verses were considered peculiarly significant. So the met- 
rical structure of the first verse of the Iliad is very different from 
that of the first verse of the Odyssey. Arma virum, etc., with its 
short words and its frequent caesurae, was harsh to the ear of 
the interlocutor, and is compared with the rough, cracked bark 
of the cork-tree. — spumosum et cortice pingui : ' frothy and fluf- 
fy ' (Conington). As usual, Persius works out his comparison 
into minute details. 

97.yegrandi sufoere: So Jahn, instead of praegrandi subere. 
Do not translate 'huge, overgrown bark' (Conington), but 
' dwarfed, stunted cork-tree.' See Ribbeck (Beitrdge zur Lehre 
von den lateinisclien Partikeln, S. 9), who has discussed ve and this 
verse at some length. Both Conington and Pretor admire the 
metaphysics of Jahn, who has ' explained, after Festus and No- 
nius, vegrandis as male grandis, so as to include the two senses at- 
tributed to it by Gell., 5, 12 ; 16, 5, of too small and too large? 
But ve- means separation (Vanicek, Etym.Wb., S. 166) ; ve-cor-s, 
1 out of one's mind ;' ve-sanu-s, ' out of one's sound senses ;' ve- 
grandis, ' shrunken,' ' dwarfed,' ' undergrown ' (if the word is 
admissible). For the growth of the cork-tree, R. refers to Plin., 
N. H., 16, 8, 13: suberi minima arbor — cortex tdntum in fructu, 
praecrassus ac renascens atque etiam in denos pedes undique explana- 
tus. Some of the best commentators give these two verses (96 
and 97) to Persius, and consider Arma virum as an invocation 
of the shades of Vergil, ' as Horace, A. P., 141, contrasts the 
opening of the Odyssey with Fortunam Priami cantaboS Hoc is 
supposed to refer to the specimen verses. Eibbeck also (1. c.) re- 
gards the swollen, light bark of the low cork-tree as the image 
of the genus tumidum et leve, as opposed to the grande et grave. 
— coctum : ' thoroughly dried.' 

98. Quidnam igitur : Igitur is not unfrequently used in ques- 
tions, as our l then.' So quidnam igitur censes t Juv., 4, 130. But, 
unless the question is a rejoinder, it is not very appropriate. ' If 
the Aeneid is rough, give us something really soft,' would be a 
fit reply to Arma virum, etc., in the mouth of the objector. Co- 
nington, who gives 96-98 to Persius, connects thus: 'If these 



SATIRE I. 97 

are your specimens of finished versification, give us something 
peculiarly languishing.' — laxa cervice : the attitude of the mobile 
guttur, v. 18. 

99. Torya miinalloneis: Persius can not wait for a spec- 
imen, and gives one himself. This is much more dramatic than 
the arrangement, which makes the respondent cite the verses. 
The verses are attributed to Nero by the scholiast, and in fact 
Nero is said to have composed a poem on the Bacchae, Dio., 61, 
20. The theme is so common that no conclusion is to be drawn 
from that statement. Mr. Pretor, who understands by iunctura 
' a resetting of old verses,' regards 99-102 as a weak recliauffe of 
Catull., 64, 257 seqq., and compares Tac, Ann., 14, 16. — Torva: 
'grim.' So torvumque repente \ clamdt, Verg., Aen., 7, 399 (of 
Bacchanalian madness).— mimalloneis: from Mimas, on the 
coast opposite Chios. With the whole verse comp. rnultis rau- 
cisonos effldbant cornua lomibos, Cattjll., 64, 264, and Luck., 4, 544. 

100. vitulo superbo : variously caricatured as ' the haughty, 
the scornful calf.' No such effect could have been produced by 
the original. Comp. ravpoi vppiarai, Eur., Bacch., 743 (Jahn) ; 
yavpoTEpa fjioax^i Theocr., 11, 21 ; equae superbiunt, Pun., 10, 63. 
The Bacchanal rending of animals is familiar. — ablatura: On 
this free use of the future participle, see G., 672 ; A., 72, 4. 

101. Bassaris: a Bacchante. Jahn cites a Greek epigram 
(Anth. Pal., 6, 74), which shows how close a resemblance may 
be due simply to community of theme. — lyncem: 'The lynx 
was sacred to Bacchus as the conqueror of India.' 

102. euhion: Gr. tviov, Accus. of eviog (commonly but falsely 
spelled Mvius), Euhius, Bacchus. — reparabilis: Actively, as 
Horace's dissociabilis, Od., 1, 3, 22 ; ' renewing,' ' restoring,' ' re- 
awakening.' So Ov., Met., 1, 11, of the moon: reparat nova 
cornua.— adsonat: ' chimes in.' 

103. testiculi vena ulla paterni: 'Honestius expressit, Ov., Her., 
16, 291 : si sint vires in semine avorumJ 1 ' If we had one spark of 
our fathers' manhood alive in us' (Conington). 

104. delumbe : ' backboneless,' ' marrowless.' Comp. itrxtoppio- 
jikoq. — saliva: Spittle is 'foolish rheum' as well as tears. 

105. in udo est Maenas et Attis : ' Your Maenas and your Attis 
— it drivels away.' 



98 NOTES. 

106. nee pluteum caedit> etc. : Pluteus, which is commonly 
rendered ' desk,' is, ' according to the scholiast, the back-board 
of the lecticula lucuhratoria] or studying-sofa, such as Augustus 
indulged in, Suet., Aug., 78 ; comp. v. 53. ' The man lies on 
his couch after his meal, listlessly drivelling out his verses, with- 
out any physical exertion or even motion of impatience ' (Co- 
nington). Persius underrates the artistic finish, as he has over- 
drawn the moral conclusion. — demorsos: 'bitten down to the 
quick.' Et in versu faciendo \ saepe caput sedberet vivos et roderet 
ungues, Hon., Sat., 1, 10, 70. 

107-121. M. But what is the use of offending people? We 
must not tell the truth at all times. You will have a cool re- 
ception at certain great houses. Nay, the dog will be set on 
you. — P. Well ! I make no struggle. Every thing is lovely. No 
nuisance, you say. All right. Boys, let us go somewhere else. 
But there was LucrLius— he wielded the lash, he gnawed the 
bones of his victims. There was Horace — he probed his friend's 
heart and punched him in the ribs, and had the town dangling 
from the gibbet of his tip-tilted nose. And I am not to say — 
Bo! Not all to myself? Not with a ditch for my confidant? 
Nowhere? Nowhere, you say? But I will. I have found a 
place — a ditch. It is my book. Here, book, is my great secret : 
' All the world's an ass.' What a relief! 

107. quid : What case ? — radere : ' rasp.' — mordaci vero : Ve- 
rum is so completely a substantive that there is no difficulty 
about mordaci vero (comp. G., 428, R. 2). Much bolder is generoso 
honesto, 2, 74 ; opimum pingue, 3, 32. 

108. vide : like cave, and other iambic Imperatives. G., 704, 
2; A., 78, 2, d. — sis — si vis, to soften the Imperative, 'pray do.' 
— maiorum tibi forte : Hor., Sat., 2, 1, 60 : O puer ut sis \ vitalis 
metuo et maiorum ne guis amicus \frigore teferiat. Maiores = 
' grandees.' 

109. limina frigescant : like the modern slang, 'leave one out in 
the cold.' Limen is used in many Latin turns where ' threshold ' 
would be too stately in English. Mrs. Gamp would render : ' the 
great man's cold doorsteps will settle on your lungs.' — cani- 
na littera: 'R is for the dog,' Shaksp., Romeo and Jul.; 'A 
dog snarling R,' Ben Jonson. See Dictionaries, s. v. hirrire. Gr. 






SATIRE I. 99 

apap'iluv. An allusion to the familiar cave canem. ' The snarl is 
that of the great man' (Scholiast). Conington compares ira ca- 
dat naso, 5, 91. The obvious interpretation is the right one. 
' There is a sound of snarling in the air,' refers simply to the 
great man's clog, which will be set on the unwelcome satirist. 

110. per me: 'for all I care, 1 ifiov y eWa, a familiar use of 
the preposition per : per me habeat licet, Platjt., Mercat., 5, 4, 29. 
— equidem : Not for ego quidem, although this opinion affected 
the practice of Cicero, Horace, Vergil, Quintilian, the younger 
Pliny. Sallust, like Varro, combines equidem with every per- 
son. So Ribbeck (1. c. S. 36), who derives equidem from e interj. and 
quidem. Conington tries to save the rule here by making the ex- 
pression equivalent to equidem concedo. Another exception is 
found 5, 45, where C. goes through the same legerdemain : non 
equidem dubites, 'I would not have you doubt.' — alba: 'lovely,' 
' whitewash them as much as you please.' 

111. nil inoror, etc. : The whole line, indeed the whole pas- 
sage, is strongly conversational in its tone. Nil moror, ' I don't 
wish to be in your way, to spoil sport.' Comp. Ter., Eun., 3, 2, 7, 
and Gesner, s. v. moror. — bene : Comp. Cic, Fam., 7, 22 : oene po- 
tus. See also note on 4, 22. — mirae res : ' wonders of the world ' 
(Conington), 'miracles of perfection.' 

112. hociuvat? 'I hope that is satisfactory.' — veto quisquam 
faxit oletum : ' commit no nuisance.' Observe the legal tone. 
Quisquam, on account of the negative idea. The negative ne is 
omitted after veto as often after caveo. G., 548, R. 2 ; A., 57, 7, a. 
Faxit, a disputed form. G., 191, 5 ; A., 30, 6, e. 

113. pinge duos anguis: 'a sign of dedication rather than 
of prohibition ' (Pretor). The dedication involves the prohibi- 
tion. This is one of the innumerable phases of serpent-worship. 
For the serpent, as the symbol of the genius loci, which is Greek as 
well as Latin, see Vergl, Aen., 5, 95, and the commentators. The 
reading pinguedo sanguis of some of the best MSS. may be men- 
tioned, animi causa. 

114. secuit: 'cut to the bone.' — Lucilius: The loci classici are 
Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 6 ; 1, 10, 1 ; 2, 1, 62 ; Juv., 1, 19, 165. The testi- 
monia de Lucilio have been collected and annotated by L. Miiller, 
Lucil., p. 170 seqq. ; p. 288 seqq. 



100 NOTES. 

115. Lupe, Muci: L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus Cons. A. U. C. 
598, and P. Mucius Scaevola Cons. A. U. C. 621, Juv., 1, 154.— 
genuinuin : ' Breaking the back-tooth ' shows the eagerness with 
which the satirist gnawed the bones of his victims. Comp. Pe- 
tron., 58 : venies sub dent em, ' you will be " chawed " up.' 

116. A deservedly admired characteristic of Horace. — vafer : 
a hard word to catch. Vafer crowns the formidable list of syno- 
nyms in the well-known passage of Cic, Off., 3, 13, 57 : versuti, 
obscuri, astuti, fallacis, malitiosi, callidi, veteratoris, vafri, ' a shuf- 
fler, a hoodwinker, a trickster, a cheat, a designing rascal, a cun- 
ning fox, a blackleg, a sly dog.'' The indirectness of vafer may 
sometimes be rendered by ' politic,' ' adroit.' ' Rogue ' is a toler- 
able equivalent. — ainico : is much happier than amid would be ; it 
"makes the friend a party to the game. Horatius qui ridendo veruyii 
dicit (Sat., 1, 1, 24) tarn leniter vitia tangit, ut ipse, quern tangit, 
amicus rideat et poetam, qui dum ludere videtur intima aggreditur, 
lubens admittat et excipiat (Jahn, after Teuffel). — adniissus : ' gets 
himself let in,' 'gains his entrance' (Conington, after Grifford). 

117. praecordia : ' heartstrings.' 

118. excusso : Persius would not be Persius, if he did not 
give us a problem even in his best passages. Excusso naso stronger 
than emunctae naris, Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 8 (Jahn). According to 
Heinr., excusso -=sur sum iactato, like excussa orachia, Ov., Met., 

5, 596, which seems to suit suspendere. Conington renders, 
' with a sly talent for tossing up his nose and catching the public 
on it,' doubtless with reference to ' tossing in a blanket,' a pas- 
time not unknown to the ancients : Ibis ab excusso missus in astra 
sago, Mart., 1, 3, .8. Comp. Suet., Otho, 2 ; Cervantes, Don 
Quijote, 1, 17; and on the sagatio, see Friedlander, Sittengesch., 1, 
25. As the blanket is drawn tight in order to effect the elevation 
of the person tossed, we may combine with this figure the old 
version of an ' unwrinkled nose,' a nose that is ' kept straight ' 
(exporrectus) by the owner to disguise his merriment (ac si nihil 
tale ageret). But this is over-interpretation, the besetting sin of 
the editors of Persius. — callidus suspendere : On the construc- 
tion, see Prol., 11. — naso: Naso suspendis adunco, Hor., Sat., 1, 

6, 5. Comp. 2, 8, 64. 

119. men : On ne in rhetorical questions, see v. 22. — nee clam 



SATIRE I. 101 

— nec cum scrolbe : ' neither to myself nor with a hole in the 
ground for my listener.' The negative in nefas is subdivided by 
nec— nec, G., 444, R. Others supply fas, G., 446, R.— nusquam : 
The answer of the critic, Jalm (1843). In the ed. of 1868 he 
writes with Hermann, nusquam? as a part of Persius's question. 
The arrangement in the text seems to be more in accordance 
with Persius's fashion of anticipating an answer (avSviroipopa). 
' Nowhere ? you say.' — scrofoe : Allusion to the story of Midas 
and his barber, for which no reader will need to be referred to 
Ov., Met., 11, 180 seqq. 

121. quis non habet % According to the Vita Persii,t\\e poet had 
written Mida rex habet, intended for King Populus. Cornutus, 
afraid that Nero would take the fling to himself, changed the 
words to quis non habet? The story is not very consistent with 
the theory that Persius went so far as to ridicule Nero's poetry. 

122. ridere meuni: See v. 9.— nulla: G., 304, R. 2. — vendo: 
'I am going to sell;' familiar present for future ; hence =zvendito. 

123. Iliade : Probably the Iliad of Labeo. Homer's Iliad 
would be too extravagant. — audaci quicunique, etc. : The poet 
distinctly points to the mordant Old Attic Comedy as his model ; 
yet there is little trace of direct imitation of the worthies whom 
he cites, and the interval of conception is abysmal. — adflate: 
Persius, like some other Roman poets, goes beyond reasonable 
bounds in the use of the Vocative as a predicate. G., 324, R. 1 ; 
A., 35, b. The Greeks were cautious, and in Vergil the Voca- 
tive can be detached and felt as such, but not here, nor in 3, 28. 
— Cratino : the oldest of the famous comic triumvirate : Eupolis 
atque Gratinus Aristophanesque poetae, Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 1. Crati- 
nus was the Archilochus of the Attic stage, hence audax. See 
the famous characteristic in Aristophanes, Eq., 527. 

124. iratum Eupolidem: The epithet is borne out by the 
fragments. — praegrandi cum sene : Aristophanes. The adjec- 
tive refers to his greatness : ' the old giant.' Sene is not to be 
pressed. Men who come before the public early are often called 
old before their time. Hannibal calls himself an old man when 
he was only in his forty-fourth year, Liv., 30, 30. Others under- 
stand sene as a compliment to an l ancient ' author. Instead of 
Aristophanes, Heinrich and others suppose that Lucilius is 



102 NOTES. 

meant. Comp. Hoe., Sat., 2, 1, 34 : vita senis, although Luctlius 
was only about forty-five at the time of his death — but see L. Miil- 
ler, Lucilius, p. 288. — palles: 'study yourself pale over.' The 
combination with the Accusative is bold, but not bolder than 
other cognate Accusatives. ' Gain a Eupolidean pallor ' = ' a pal- 
lor due to Eupolis.' For different phases of pallere with Accus., 
see 3, 43. 85 ; 5, 184, 

125. decoctius ; The figure is from wine that is 'T>oiled down,' 
' well refined.' Not ' opposed to the spumosus of v. 96 ' (Coning- 
ton), as is shown by coctum, v. 97. — audis: 'have an ear for' 
(Conington). 

126. iMe = ab iis, 'by these' (G., 613, R. 1 ; A., 48, 5), 'by the 
study of these,' dependent on vap&rata. — vaporata : ' steamed,' 
hence ' cleansed,' 'refined ' (J aim). Com]). pur gatas aures, 5, 63 ; 
aurem mordaci lotus aceto, 5, 86. — lector mihi ferveat : Mihi real- 
ly depends on ferveat, though it may be conveniently translated 
by ' my ' with lector. ' Let my reader be one who comes to me 
with his ears aglow from the pure effluence of such poetry.' 

127. lion hie : Hie is different in tone from is, more distinctly 
demonstrative, and hence more distinctly contemptuous. — in 
crepidas s The simple Accusative with ludere is the regular con- 
struction. Grepidae, a part of the Greek national dress. Comp. 
Suet., Tib., 13 : redegit se [Tiberius], deposito patrio liabitu, adpial- 
lium et crepidas. Hence J alulae crepidatae of tragedies with 
Greek plots. — Graiornm: the rarer and more stilted form for 
Graecorum, perhaps by way of rebuking the impertinence of this 
stolid would-be wag. 

128. sordidus : 'low creature,' 'dirty dog.' Himself vulgar, 
he can not understand refinement of manners or attire. — qui 
possit: Casaubon reads poscit to match gestit. But Indicative 
and Subjunctive may well be combined, the former of a fact, the 
latter of a characteristic : ' a man who — and a man to — .' So in 
the famous line ; sunt qui non Jiabeant, est qui non curat habere, 
Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 182.— lusce: 'Old One-eye' (Conington). The 
loWness of the wit is evident. In v. 56 the poet appears to break 
his own rule, but baldness and corpulence are in his eyes badges 
of vice, not simple misfortunes. 

129. aliquem: G., 301. — Italo: 'provincial.' — supinns = su- 



SATIRE I. 103 

perbus. The head is thrown back with the chin in the air, a fa- 
miliar stage attitude. Others render ' lolling at his ease.' 

130. freg-erit : G., 541 ; A., 63, 2. — heminas iniquas : ' short 
half-pint measures. 1 This was the duty of the aedile. — Arreti : 
Arretium in Etruria. So Juvenal takes Ulubrae as the type of 
a small provincial town : vasa minora \ frangere pannosus vacuis 
aedilis TJlubris, 10, 102. 

131. abaco : The abacus was a slab of marble or other material 
which was covered with sand (pidvis), for the purpose of draw- 
ing mathematical figures or making calculations (Jahn). Or 
pulvere may be dissociated from abaco, and then abacus would be 
a counting-board, pulvis, the sand on the ground (eruditus pulvis, 
Cic, N. D., 2, 18, 48), familiar from the story of the murder of 
Archimedes. — metas : ' cones.' 

132. scit: as if this were a feat. Comp. v. 53.-— risisse : yeXa- 
aca, ' to have his laugh at,' one of the Perfect Infinitives mention- 
ed in note on v. 41. — vafer : ironical. — g-audere paratus: Para- 
tus, as a Participle from parare, takes the Infinitive with ease. 
The grammars generally treat it as an exceptional Adjective. 
Here paratus is olog ; ' Just your man to have a fit of glee.' Comp. 
Petron., 43 : paratus fuit quadrantem de stercore mordicus tollere. 

133. Cynico barbam : ' a Cynic's beard for him.' G., 343, R. 2. 
Vellunt tibi barbam \ lascivi pueri, Hor., Sat., 1, 3, 133 (of a Stoic). 
The beard was the badge of a philosopher. — nonaria : so called 
because women of that class were not allowed to ply their trade 
before the 'ninth hour'— ' callet,' 'trull.'— vellat: because de- 
pendent; otherwise gaudet si vellit. G., 666; A., 66, 2. The 
Cynic philosopher and the nonaria (6 kox t) kvuv) belong to each 
other by elective affinity, Alciphron, 3, 55, 9. See an amusing 
parallel between philosopher and courtesan in the same sophist, 
1, 34 ; and on the worst specimens of the ' Capuchins of antiq- 
uity,' as the Cynics have been called, comp. Friedlander, Sitten- 
gesch., 3, 572. 

134. edictum: 'play-bill,' after Sen., Ep., 117, 30. Others, 
' the business of the courts,' the praetor's court being a favorite 
lounging-place.— prandia : See v. 67.— Calliroen : possibly one 
of the elegidia procerum (v. 51), after the order of Phyllis and 
Hypsipyle (v. 34). Comp. Ov., Met., 9, 407, Rem. Am.. 455-6. 

E 2 



104 NOTES. 

Others suppose that Persius meant a nonarla. See note on 6, 
73, and comp. Plutarch, Quaest. Conv., 3, 6, 4. With this 
gracious permission, Casaubon compares the edict of Hor., 
Ep., 1. 19, 8: Forum putealque Libonis \ manddbo siccis, adimam 
cantare severis. 



SECOND SATIRE. 

The theme of this Satire is the Wickedness and Folly of Popular 
Prayers. The true philosopher is the only man that knows how to 
pray aright, and the Stoic is your only true philosopher. Compare, on 
the subject of prayer, the Second Alcibiades ascribed to Plato. 

Argument. — Macrinus, you may well salute your returning- birthday. 
Your wishes on that day of wishes are pure, whereas most of our mag- 
nates pray for what they dare not utter aloud. Any one can hear their 
requests for sound mind and good report, but the petitions for the death 
of an uncle, a ward, a wife, the prayer for sudden gain, are mere whis- 
pers (1-15). Strange that, in order to prepare for such impieties as 
these, men should go through all manner of lustral services, and trust 
to the ear of Jove what they would not breathe to any mortal (15-23). 
Strange that men should fancy because Jove is not swift to strike the 
sinner dead that he may be insulted with safety, or easily bought off' by 
a lot of greasy chitterlings (24-30). 

Pass from wicked to foolish prayers. Grandam and aunt would have 
skinny Master Hopeful a wealthy nabob, would have him make a great 
match. Girls are to scramble for him, and roses spring up beneath his 
feet. Silly petitions ! Refuse them, Jupiter (31-40). Nor less silly are 
those prayers whose fulfilment the suppliant himself defeats — prayers 
for a hale old age, despite rich made-dishes (41-43); prayers for wealth, 
while the worshipper expends his whole substance in sacrifice (44-51). 

The trouble lies in this, that men judge the gods by themselves. Be- 
cause gold brings a joyous flutter to their hearts, they think to sway the 
gods by gold, and change to gold the vessels of the sanctuary. The 
gods are measured by our 'accursed blubber,' that flesh which corrupts 
all that it handles. Yet the flesh tastes what it touches, and enjoys the 
ruin which it has wrought. But what can a pure god do with our gold ? 
To him it is a spent toy, an idle offering. Let us give the gods honest 
and upright hearts, and a handful of meal will suffice to gain their bless- 
ing (52-75). 

Although the colors of the piece pale before the rhetorical glare of 



SATIRE II. 105 

Juvenal's Tenth Satire, which treats of a kindred theme — the ' Vanity of 
Human Wishes' — the philosophical commonplace is handled with con- 
siderable vigor, and with all the picturesque detail of the author's style. 
And Montaigne, who, as a moralist, quotes Persius very often, has 
garnished the 56th essay of his First Book with copious extracts from 
this Satire. 

1-15. Macrinus, your prayers are pure, you need no private 
audience of the gods. Not so the petitions of many of our fore- 
most men. Far different is what they say and what they whis- 
per, when they come before the gods in prayer. 

1. Hunc diem : The birthday was always a high-day in Rome, 
as elsewhere. In French, fete is a synonym of birthday. — Ma- 
crine : * Plotius Macrinus, the scholiast says, was a learned man, 
who loved Persius as his son, having studied in the house of 
the same preceptor, Servilius. He had sold some property to 
Persius at a reduced rate ' (Conington). — meliore : sc. solito. 
G., 312, 2 • A., 17, 5.— lapillo : The Scythians used to drop into a 
quiver a stone for every day, white for the good and black for 
the bad, and when life was over the stones were counted. There 
is a similar story of the Thracians, Plin., H. N., 7, 40, 41 (Jahn). 
The phrase ' white stone ' is so common that one passage will 
suffice as a parallel : Felix utraque lux diesque nobis | signandi 
melioribus lapillis, Mart., 9, 52, 4. 

2. labentis : not simply an epitlieton ornans, ' the gliding years,' 
but ' the years as they glide away.' E~heu,fugaces, Postume, Postu- 
me | labuntur anni, Hor., Od., 2, 14, 1. — appoint: 'puts to 
your account.' Comp. quern fors dierum cumque ddbit lucro \ ap- 
pone, Hor., Od., 1, 9, 15. Each day lived may be a clay gained 
or a day lost. Comp. also Hor., Od., 2, 5, 15. — candidus: \evkt) 
ilfiepa, \evkov evdfiepov <paog, Soph., Ai., 709. Comp. Catull., 8, 3 : 
fulsere vere can did i tibi soles. 

3. genio : ' The tutelary Deity, or " guardian angel," who was 
supposed to attend on every individual from the cradle to the 
grave. Its cultus was strictly materialistic, and should be com- 
pared with the offerings of meat, drink, and clothes which were 
made to the manes of the dead. Comp. Censorin., De Die Nat., 
3; Serv. ad Verg., Georg., 1, 302; Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 187: scit 
Genius, natale comes qui temperat astrum \ naturae deus Mimanae, 



106 NOTES. 

mortalis in unum \ quodque caput, vultu mutabilis aUms et ater. In 
character it was the reflex of the man (conap. Sat. 6, 48, where it 
represents the felicitas of the emperor); it might be humored and 
appeased by proper attention, more especially by sacrifice (comp. 
5, 151), or irritated and made baneful by neglect (comp. 4, 27; 
Juv., 10, 129). From these latter passages it would appear to 
represent the alter homo, or second self.' . So Pretor. The genius 
is the divine element which is born with a man, and when he 
dies becomes a lar, if he is good ; if he is wicked, a larva, or a 
lemur. Departed genii were called manes — ' good fellows ' — 
doubtless with a view to propitiation. — noil tn: Comp. 1, 45. — 
emaci : ' chaffering, haggling.' Prayer was often conceived as 
bargain and sale. See v. 29, and Plato, Euthyphro, 14 E (Jahn). 
By the prece emaci is meant the wtum, or vow, the wxh, and not 
the irpovevxr], as Gregory of Nyssa puts it (De Orat., Ed. Paris, a. 
1638, Tom. 1, p. 724 D). Casaubon compares Hor., Od., 3, 29, 
59: ad miseras preces \ decurrere et votis pacisci. 

4. seductis: Comp. paulum a turba seductior audi, 6,42. — 
nequeas: G., 633; A., 65, 2. 

5. at bona pars : Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 1, 61 : at bona pars homi- 
num. — libabit : Gnomic or sententious future. See 3, 93. Jahn 
comp. Juv., 8, 182 : quae \ turpia cerdoni Volesos Brutumque dece- 
lunt. « That which is done is that which shall be done.' The 
other reading, libavit (gnomic Perfect), is not so good. See G., 
228, R. 2, and Drager, Eistor. Synt. der lat. Sprache, § 127. 

6. baud cuivis : Comp. non cuivis hornini contingit, Hor., Ep., 
1, 17, 36.— humilis : ' that keep near the ground,' ' groundling,' 
hence ' low.' Persius delights in rare epithets. 

7. aperto vivere voto : Comp. Mart., 1, 39, 6 : si quis erit recti 
custos, mirator honesti \ et nihil arcano qui roget ore deos. 

8. Mens bona : Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 16, 59.— Mens bona, fama, 
fides: are commonly considered to be the things prayed for. 
They are possibly persons prayed to. ' Such notions as Welfare 
(salus), Honesty (fides), Harmony (concordia), belong to the old- 
est and holiest Roman divinities ' (Mommsen). — hospes : ' a stran- 
ger,' ' any body.' 

9. o si : On this form of the wish, see G., 254, R. 1 ; A., 57, 
4, b. si may be considered an elliptical conditional sentence, 



SATIEE II. 107 

but as the ellipsis is emotional it must not be supplied. Such an 
apodosis as scholars arc prone to understand for the Greek (ica\u>g 
av exoi) bene sit, would change the wish into a thought. In this 
passage the apodosis, which is involved in praeclarum funus, 
comes limping in as an afterthought. 

10. ebulliat : is slang. Comp. tarn tonus Chrysanihus animam 
ebulliit, Petron., 42 (nos non pluris sumus quam bullae, ibid.) ; 
Sen., Apocolocynt., 4. Conington renders 'go off.' 'Kick the 
bucket ' would be worthy of Persius. Ebulliat must be read 
ebulljat (G., 717). The best MSS. have ebullit, but such a Sub- 
junctive would be more than doubtful (G., 191, 3; Neue, Formenl, 
2, 339). — praeclarum funus: Either 'that would be a grand 
funeral,' or ' that would be a corpse worth seeing.' In the for- 
mer case the man of prayer tries to salve his conscience by prom- 
ising his uncle (comp. 1, 11) a ' first-class funeral.' Comp. funus 
egregie factum laudet vieinia, Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 105. In the latter, 
he is welcoming the death of the crabbed old man. For funus, 
in this connection, Jahn compares Prop., 1, 17, 8: haecine parva 
meum funus harena teget? The half-light of the passage is well 
suited to the paltering knavery of the prayer. 

11. sub rastro, etc.: Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 10: si urnam argenti 
fors quae inihi monstret, ut illi \ thesauro invento, qui mercennarius 
agrum \ ilium ipsum mercatus aravit, dives amico \ Hercule. 

12. Hercule : This is Hercules ttXovtoUt^q, to whom the Eo- 
mans consecrated a tithe of their gains. Mommsen and others 
dissociate this Hercules from the Greek 'Hpaickrjg. According to 
Casaubon and the schol. (v. 44), Hermes (Mercury) is the bestow- 
er of windfalls found on the way, Hercules the patron of sought 
treasures. — pupillum : ' The Twelve Tables provided that where 
no guardian was appointed by will, the next of kin would be 
guardian, and he would of course be heir' (Conington, after 
Jahn). 

13. inpello: 'whose kibe I gall,' 'whom I tread hard upon.' 
— expungam : ' get him out ' (of his place in the will). — namque : 
gives an explanation, which serves at once to heighten and to 
excuse the hope. ' You see he is in a bad way already. He is 
going to die at any rate, and death would really be a relief to all 
parties.'— scabiosus : ' scrofulous.' — acri | bile : dpifisla xoXr/, Ca- 



108 NOTES. 

saubon, who compares Juv., 6, 565 : consulit ictericae lento de 
funere matris. 

14. tumet : Comp. turgescit vitrea bilis, 3, 8 ; mascula bilis \ in- 
tumuit, 5, 145. — Nerio : Nerius is the usurer in Horace, Sat., 2, 
3, 69. Persius borrows his names from Horace, as Horace 
borrows his from Lucilius — progressive bookishness, of which 
there are several examples. Comp. Pedius, 1, 85 ; Craterus, 3, 
65; Bestius, 6, 37. — conditur: So Jahn (1868) and Hermann. 
Jahn (1843) reads dueitur with many MSS. Dueitur is not to be 
explained of ' being carried out to burial ' (Servius ad Verg., 
Georg., 4, 256), but in its ordinary sense of ' being married.' Ne- 
rius has got rid of two wives, and ' is actually marrying a third.' 
Conditur is best supported by MS. authority, and gives a suffi- 
ciently good sense. Hermann quotes, in support of conditur, 
Mart., 5, 37, where a man survives the loss of a rich wife, and 
yvvatKa Scnrruv KpEirrov kariv y\ yajitiv, ChAEREMON, ap. Sto- 
baeum, Sermon., 88, 22. Among the wishes in Lucian's Icaro- 
men., 25, we find u> Beoi, rbv Trarkpa fioi rax^g cnroBaveiv (comp. v. 
10), and dSe K\r)povofiri<jai}ii rrjg yvvawog, which is the key of this 
verse. On the use of the Dative, see G., 352, R. 1 ; A., 51, 4, c. 

15, 16. These are the impious prayers that must be prefaced 
by pious observances. 

15. in gurgite mergis : G., 384, R. 1 ; A., 56, 1, c, R. 

16. ois terque : dig Kai rpig. G., 497.— flumine : Prol., 1. The 
lustral use of the bath, the pollution of the night, the peculiar 
virtue of running water, are common to^ Scriptural and classical 
antiquity. Lev., chap. 15. Illo \ mane die, quo tu indicis ieiunia 
nudus | in Tiber i stabit, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 290; Ter matutino Ti- 
ber i mergetur et ipsis \ verticibus timidum caput abluet, Juy., 6, 
523; Ac primum pura somnum tibi discute lympJia, Prop., 4, 
10, 13. For parallels, see Tylor, Primitive Culture, 2, 388. 

17-30, With a sudden dramatic turn, Persius pins his omni- 
present Second Person to the wall by an ironical question touch- 
ing his conception of the divine character. ' What do you think 
of God ? What can you think of God when you confide to him 
wishes that you would conceal from a Staius ? Are you so bold 
because God is so slow ? Are you so bold because God's favor is 
so cheaply bought V 






SATIRE II. 109 

17. minimum est, etc. : Ironical. — scire laboro : So Hon., Ep., 
1, 3, 2, and nosse laboro, Sat., 2, 8, 19. 

18. estneut: On this periphrasis, see G., 558; A., 70,4, a. Si est, 
patrue, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit, Ter., Phormio, 2, 1, 40. 
Cornp.Hec, 3, 5, 51; 4, 1, 43; Adelph., 3, 5, 4; Hor., Od., 3, 1, 
9. — cures: Curare, with Inf. usually has a negative (3, 78) or 
equivalent, as here. 

19. 'cuinainT cuinam? The first cuinam is the question of 
the other man, the second the echo of Persius. Comp. Ar., 
Ach., 594: aX\d rig yap a; A. oarig', Tro\iTr]Q xpj/crroe. — vis t 
Comp. 1, 56. — Staio: Stains can not be identified — homuncio no- 
Ms ignotus (Konig) — and, as Jahn admirably remarks, it makes 
no difference who he was, whether Staienus, as the scholiast says 
(Cic, Verr., 2, 32, 79 ; pro Cluentio, 7, 24, 65), or an average 
Philistine, or a typical scoundrel. The name was a common one. 
Jones is measured with Jupiter. — an scilicet haeres: 'what? 
are we to suppose that you are hesitating V 

20. quis : may be for uter. Comp. Cic, Att., 16, 14, 1 ; Fam., 
7, 3, 1 ; Caes., B. G., 5, 44. ' Which of the two is the better 
judge V And this is the more satisfactory rendering if Staius is 
a neutral character. If he is a villain, ' who would be a better 
judge ' or ' better as a judge,' is more suitable. 

21. inpellere: ' smite' (Verg., Georg., 4, 349 ; Aen., 12, 618), a 
rather strong word for humilis susurros. Pretor renders ' quick- 
en ;' Conington, ' have an effect on.' ' Reach ' is about what is 
meant. With the thought of the passage, comp. Sen., Ep., 10, 5, 
cited by Casaubon: Nunc quanta dementia est hominum? Tur- 
pissima vota diis insusurrant : si quis admoverit aurem, conticescent ; 
et quod liominem scire nolunt, deo narrant. 

22. agedum : Agedum hoc mi expedi primum, Ter., Eun., 4, 4, 
27. Bum shows impatience. ' Be at it,' or ' be done with it,' as 
the case may be. — clamet: Die — clamet ■=. si dicas — clamet. G., 
594,4; A., 60, 1, &. 

23. sese non clamet : Iovem would make the joke clearer, but 
Persius would have had to pound his desk and bite his nails to 
get Iovem in. ' Because he could swear by no greater, he sware 
by himself,' Hebr., 6, 13. Konig compares Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 17 : 
Maxime, quis non, \ Juppiter, exclamat simul atque audivit t 



110 NOTES. 

24. ' The guilty worshipper is in a grove (lucis, v. 27) during 
a thunderstorm ; the lightning strikes not him but one of the sa- 
cred trees, and he congratulates himself on his escape — without 
reason, as Peksius tells him. The circumstances are precisely 
those used by Lucretius to enforce his skeptical argument, 6, 
390 and 416 ' (Conington). 

25. sulpure sacro : ' lightning.' Comp. the Greek Saov, once 
innocently derived from the Adjective Seiog. — tuque domusque : 
Comp. Juv., 13, 206 : cum prole domoque. The editors cite the 
oracle in Herod., 6, 86, 3: Traaav | avfifidprpag oXsgei yevefjv icai 
oIkov a-KCLVTa. 

26. fibris : the extremities of the liver, \6f3oi. — Ergenna : an 
Etruscan name. The Etruscans were great bowel-searchers (ha- 
ruspices) and lightning-doctors. 

27. lucis : local Abl. and poetic Plural. — bidental: According 
to a law of Numa, whosoever was struck dead by lightning was 
buried where he fell, and the spot was inclosed. The place was 
called puteal, from the resemblance of the inclosure to a well-curb, 
or bidental, because of the oves Udentes (sheep with upper and low- 
er teeth, hence ' full grown ') sacrificed in the consecration of the 
spot, which was invested with a holy horror (triste), and might 
not even be looked at (evitandum). Here bidental is transferred 
from the place to the person : ' a trophy of vengeance' (Coning- 
ton), 'a monument of wrath' (Gifford). Triste bidental, Hor., 
A. P., 471. 

28. idcirco : Emphatic resumption. — vellere = vellendam. G., 
424, R. 4; A., 57, 8,/. On the phrase vellere barbam, comp. 1, 
133. Jupiter was always represented as bearded, ytvur\Tt\g, Lu- 
cian, Sacrif., 11. ' Jove, will nothing wake thee ? | Must vile Se- 
janus jraZZ thee by the beard | ere thou wilt open thy black-lidded 
eyes | and look him dead ?' Ben Jonson, Sejan., 4, 5. 

29. aut: Another (negatived) case. See G., 460, R. ; A., 71, 2. 
— quidnam est, qua mer 'cede =quanam mercede; unusual. Not 
dissimilar, Caes., B. G., 5, 31 : Omnia excogitantur quare nee 
sine periculo maneatur et languore militum et mgiliis periculum 
augeatur. 

30. emeris: Jahn compares praebere and dare aurem, to which 
Conington adds commodare, Hor., Ep., 1, 1, 40. — pulmone: for 



SATIRE II. Ill 

the larger, lactibus for the smaller intestines (yaXaKTideg). 'The 
details are mentioned contemptuously' (Conington). Comp. 
Juv., 6, 540; 10,354; 13,115. 

31-40. Thus far we have had wicked prayers; now we have 
specimens of silly prayers, of old wives' wishes. 

31. Ecce: transitioni servit (Casaubon). See 1, 30. The show- 
man puts in a new slide, and says ' Look here.' — avia ant mater- 
tera: The doting fondness of grandmothers, aunts, and nurses is 
proverbial. Their affection is not tempered by responsibility; 
hence their indiscretion. Matertera is the mother's sister, as amita 
(whence 'aunt') the father's; but, significantly enough, there is 
not the same moral distinction as between patruus and avunculus 
(whence 'uncle'). — metuens divum: SEimSal/iuv. G., 374, R. 1 ; 
A., 50, 3, &. — cunis : Dat. is more picturesque than Abl. 

32. exeniit : The Perf. brings the scene before us, and makes it 
particular instead of generic. — uda : ' slobbering.' 

33. iufaini digito : The middle finger (Juv., 10, 53) being used 
in mocking and indecent gesture, was considered on that very 
account to have more power against fascination. The notion 
still survives, and is embodied in coral 'amulets' or 'charms' 
(brehques) manufactured at Genoa. — lustralibus : The lustral day 
for a girl was the eighth, for a boy the ninth. Such a day would 
be the day for vows and prayers. On the corresponding Gr. 
an<piSp6nia, see the Classical Dictionaries. — ante : adverbial, ' first 
of all.' — salivis : Spittle has manifold medical and magical vir- 
tues among all nationalities. Comp. Plin., H. N., 28, 4, 22 ; 
Juv., 8, 112; Petron., 131. The Plural is poetical, perhaps in- 
timating abundance. 

34. expiat : ' charms against mischief (Conington). — nrentis: 
'blasting,' ' withering,' fiapaivovrag. — oculos: If the belief in the 
' evil eye ' is not too well known and too widely spread to need 
illustration, comp. Verg., Eel., 3, 103; Hor., Ep., 1, 14, 37. On 
the philosophy of the evil eye, see Plutarch, Quaest. Conv., 5, 7. 
— inhibere perita: On the construction, see Prol., 11. 

35. manibus : We say ' in,' Prol., 1. Translate ' arms,' as often. 
— qnatit : II., 6, 474 : avrdp o y ov (j)L\ov vibv lird Kv<re tttJXs re x*p- 
(Tiv, | efaev sTTEv^dfievog Au r aSXoimv re 8reo7<riv. ' Dances,' ' dan- 
dles.' — spem macram : ' the skinny hope.' 



112 NOTES. 

36. Licini : Licinus, originally slave and steward of Caesar, 
then set free and made procurator of Gaul, where he acquired 
immense wealth by extortion. Comp. Juv., 1, 109 : Ego possideo 
plus | Pallante et Licinis. — Crassi: a still more familiar syno- 
nym for wealth, Cic, Att., 1, 4, 3. The two combined in Sen., 
Ep., 119,9: Quorum nomina cum Crasso Licinoque numerantur. 
— mittit: 'transports,' 'wafts' (Pretor) ; 'packs off' (Coning- 
ton), is not in keeping with the mock-lyrical tone of the passage. 

37.hunc: Suktik&q. Konig comp. Catullus, 62, 42 : Multi 
ilium pueri, multae opt a® ere puellae. On optet, comp. G., 281, 
Exc. 1 ; A., 49, 1, d. — rex et regina : Comp. 1, 67. ' My lord and 
[my] lady' (Conington). As the prayer is extravagant, Pretor 
thinks that the words are to be taken literally, and Conington in- 
clines to the same opinion. But there is no objection to regina 
for domina in itself, Mart., 10, 64. 

38. rapiant = diripiant, ap7ra%oiev. ' May the girls have a scram- 
ble for him.' The sexes are to be reversed in his honor. Casau- 
bon comp. : Editum librum continuo mirari homines et diripere 
coeperunt, Vita Persii. — rosa flat : Casaubon comp. Claud., Seren., 
1, 89 : Quocumque per herbam | reptares, fiuxere rosae. A fairy- 
tale wish. Comp. Theocr., 8, 41 ; Verg., Eel., 7, 59. 

39. &st = at-\-set. G., 490, R. — nutrici : Quid voveat dulci nu- 
tricula maius alumno, Hor., Ep., 1, 4, 8. With the sentiment 
of the passage Casaubon Comp. Sen., Ep., 60, 1 : Etiamnum optas 
quod tibi optavit nutrix aut paedagogus aut mater? Nondum 
intellegis quantum mail optaverint? 

40. albata : ' clad in white,' the proper attire of worshippers, 
Tlbull., 2, 1, 13 ; Plaut., Rud., 1, 5, 12 (Jahn). Hence 'though 
she ask it with every requisite form ' (Conington). See v. 15. 

41-51. From wicked wishes we have passed to silly wishes, 
from silly we now pass to insane. Men pray for health and pray 
for wealth, and all the while are doing their utmost to break 
down their health and squander their wealth. 

41. nervis : ' thews,' ' sinews.' — senectae : may depend on po- 
scis opem or on Jidele (Casaubon's view), ' to stand you in stead 
in old age' (Conington), or 'to stand your old age in stead.' 
The latter is the more forcible. 

42. esto: 'so far, so good' (Conington). — grandes patinae, 



SATIRE II. 113 

etc.: Comp. Hon., Sat., 2, 2, 95: Grandes rhombi patinaeque\ 
grande ferunt una cum damno dedecus. Jahn (1868) reads pingues. 
— tuccetaque crassa : According to the Schol., ' beef steeped in 
a thick gravy, which enables it to keep a year.' ' Rich gravies ' 
(Conington) ; ' rich forced meats ' (Pretor). ' Rich potted meats.' 
— h.h~Ms precibtis, votis. — vetuere : Perf. to show that ' the mis- 
chief is already done' (Pretor). It is not a general Perfect. 
Comp. 32. 

44. rem struere: The Biblical 'heap up riches.' Hor., Sat., 
1, 1, 35: aeeroo \ quern struit. — caeso bove: An expensive sacri- 
fice. Comp. Gr. fiovSvTelv. — Mercurium: See note on v. 11. An 
allusion to Mercury, or rather Hermes, as the God of Flocks and 
father of Pan, is barely possible. 

45. arcessis = m auxilium vocas (Jahn). Conington's 'serve a 
summons on ' is a caricature. Comp. Ov., Fast., 4, 263, and Pe- 
tron., 122. Accerso is a rarer form than arcesso, and to be reserved 
for state occasions, according to Brambach. — libra : See v. 26. — 
da fortunare =utfortunent. — fortunare: used absolutely, as in 
Afranius, v. 84 (Ribbeck). Fortuno a vox sollemnis in prayers 
(Jahn). — Penatis: Gods of the Basket and Store. 

46. quo, pessime, pacto : Hon., Sat., 2, 7, 22 : quo pacto, pes- 
simef 

47.iunicum = m^wrarwm. Observe the extravagance of the 
sacrifice, and compare with the expression Catull., 90, 6 : omen- 
tum injiamma pingue liquefaciens. 

48. extis et ferto : Comp. vv. 30, 45. Fertum (a ferendo), a 
kind of sacrificial cake or pudding, libi genus, quod crebrius ad sacra 
obmovebatur (Jahn). 

49. et tamen : at tamen (Hermann), on which see 5, 159. 
50-51. Casaubon sees in this passage an imitation of Hesiod, 

O. et D., 369 : Su\r) d' hi ttvS/isvl (puSw (sera parsimonia in /undo 
est, Sen., Ep., 1, 5). I have followed the old reading, which 
makes nummus the subject. The personification is in Persitts's 
vein, as Schluter correctly remarks. Comp. tacita acerra, v. 5 ; 
gemuerunt aera, 3, 39 ; sapiens porticus, 3, 53 ; modice sitiente lagoe- 
na, 3, 92. JSfummi are nursed as children, 5, 149 ; there is a 
kind of personification in dolosi nummi, Prol., 12, and literature 
is full of personified coins, of ' nimble sixpences,' ' slow shillings,' 



114 - NOTES. 

' adventurous guineas.' Add : ac velut exhausta redivivus pullulet 
area \ nummus, Juv., 6, 363. Paley (ap. Pretor) suggests that 
nequiquam, may be considered the exclamation of the nummus. 
This gives so happy a turn that I am almost tempted to put it 
in the text. It is the familiar story of ' the bottom dime,' set to 
the familiar tune of the ' Last Rose of Summer.' Jahn makes the 
numbskull, not the nummus, the subject, and reads in his ed. of 

1843: 

Nequiquam f undo, suspiret, nummus in imo! 

In his ed. of 1868 he follows Hermann, who reads : 

Nequiquam fundo, suspiret, nummus in imo! 
Pretor prints : 

Nequiquam: fundo, suspiret, nummus in imo! 
The scholiast hesitates. All much more prosaic and much less 
satisfactory.— suspiret : See G., 574, R. ; A., 62, 2, d. 

52-75. With a sudden start Persius strikes at the root of the 
matter — the false conception of the divine character, ' Thou 
thoughtest,' saith God, ' that I was altogether such a one as thy- 
self,' Ps. 50, 21. Because you love gold, you fancy that God loves 
gold, and judge of His Holiness by your corruption. God de- 
mands a pure heart, and not ' thousands of rams.' This, is a 
plane on which the highest expressions of the most various re- 
ligions meet, so that Hebrew, Greek, and Christian hold almost 
identical discourse. M. Martha {Moralistes Romains, p. 134) rec- 
ognizes ' a progress ' in thoughts, which are immemorial in their 
antiquity. 

52. creterras : preferred by Jahn (1868) and Hermann to cra- 
teras, in which the Ace. Sing, of the Greek word icparfip seems to 
be taken as the stem (G., 72, R. 2). See Hor., Od., 3, 18, 7 ; Sat,, 
2, 4, 80. Comp. also statera and panthera. G. Meyer (Beitrage 
zur Stammbildung in Curtius, Studien, 5, 72) questions the Accus. 
origin. — argenti; The context indicates the material, which in 
prose would be ex argento or argentea (G., 396 ; A., 54, 2). The 
Genitive should give us the contents as in v. 11, argenti seria. 
Comp. Juv., 9, 141 : argenti vascula puri. — inensa: 'is a trans- 
lation of i\LizmoTa (Casaubon), e/xTraKTTiKrj rsxvr] being the art of 
embossing silver or some other material with golden ornaments 



SATIRE II. 115 

(crustae or embletnata). Hence crateras argenti incusaaue dona is 
probably a hendiadys ' (Conington). Chrysendeta, or parcel-gilt 
plate (Pretor). — pingui : ' thick,' not a generic epithet. 

53. dona : Predicate. — pectore laevo : Jahn strangely follows 
Casaubon in understanding pectore laevo as mente laeva. Comp. 
Verg., Eel., 1, 16: si mens non laeva fuisset. The side of the 
heart is meant. Konig coinp. laeva parte mamillae \ nil salit Ar- 
cadico iuveni, Juv., 7, 159. 

54. excutiat : In his ed. of 1868 Jahn has abandoned the 
harsh excutias of 1843, which leaves laetari praetrepidum cor to take 
care of itself, with laetari as an histor. Inf. of habit. Comp. Verg., 
Georg., 1, 200 ; 4, 134; Aen.,4, 422 ; 7, 15.— grittas : 'Your heart in 
an eager flutter of excited joy would drive the life-drops from your 
left breast.' So Pretor, who adds that Persius alludes to the faint- 
ness produced by any violent excitement. Comp. Verg., Georg., 
3, 105 : cum spes arrectae iuvenum exsultantiaque Jiaurit \ corda pavor 
pulsans. With guttas comp. ' As dear to me as are the ruddy 
drops that visit this sad. heart,' Shaksp. Jahn understands 
' tears,' Heinrich ' sweat ' (comp. Juv., 1, 167 : tacita sudant praecor- 
dia culpa). In the latter case we should expect ut, as Schluter ob- 
serves.— laetari praetrepidum : ' over-hasty to rejoice ' (Coning- 
ton). For the construction, comp. Prol., 11, and Hor., Od., 2, 4^ 
24: cuius octavum trepidavit aetas \ claudere lustrum. On the 
meaning of trepidum, see 1, 20. 

55. ilhid, quod : ' that strange fashion that,' instead of the im- 
personal construction with the Inf. with a different shade of 
meaning (G., 525 ; A., 70, 5).— subilt: On the quantity of the fi- 
nal syllable, see G., 705, Exc. 4; A., 84, g, 5.— auro ovato : Comp. 
triumphato auro, Ov., Ep. ex Ponto, 2, 1, 41 (Jahn). An allusion 
to the 'unjust acquisition of the gold offered to Heaven' seems 
to be too modern, despite Juv., 8, 106. 

56. nam: ' for instance.' G., 500, R, 1.— fratres aenos : ' bra- 
zen brotherhood ' (Gifford). There are various interpretations : 
1. The gods generally (Jahn). 2. The fifty sons of Aegyptus, 
whose statues stood in the portico of the Palatine Apollo over 
against those of the fifty Danaides, Prop., 2, 31, 1 seqq.; Ov., 
Trist, 3, 1, 59 seqq. (Scholiast). 3. The Dioscuri. The first ex- 
planation is the best. All the gods might appear in vision, but 



116 NOTES. 

some were more famous for such appearances than others. The 
very existence of the statues of the sons of Aegyptus is problem- 
atical, and their connection with dreams inexplicable (Jahn). As 
for the Dioscuri, they were notoriously beardless youths, apart 
from the fact that qui mittunt points to more than two (Casau- 
bon). 

57. pituita : trisyllabic, as in Hon., Sat., 2, 2, 76 ; Ep., 1, 1, 108. 
Pituita, ' phlegm,' ' gross humor.' ' That pituita was supposed 
to mark a heavy, cloudy intellect, is clear from the meaning of 
the opposite expression, emunctae nans' 1 (Pretor). See also the 
commentators on Hon., 11. cc. 

58. aurea barba : Cic, N. D., 3, 34, 83 : Aescidapii Epidaurii 
T) art am auream demi iussit [Dionysius], neque enim convenirebar- 
batum essejilium cum in omnibus fanis pater imberbis esset. 

59. vasa Numae : called capedines and simpuvia. — Satnrnia 
aera: Old coinage, according to Schol., Casaubon, and Jahn. 
The earliest coinage is said to have been stamped on one side 
with the head of Janus, the coiner, on the other with a ship, in 
honor of Saturn's arrival in Italy. It is best to translate loosely 
by ' brass ' or ' bronze,' as the explanation is far from certain. — 
inpulit : ' kicked out.' 

60. Vestalis urnas : always of earthenware. — Tuscuni fictile : 
' Etruscan pottery.' * Etruscan ' both by reason of its origin and 
its use in Etruscan ritual. 

61.0 curyae: A passionate apostrophe, which reminds M. 
Martha of Bossuet. — in terris: So Jahn and Hermann. We 
should expect in terras, but the Abl. is more forcible as denoting 
the fixity rather than the tendency of the position. — oaelestimn 
inanes : On the Gen., see G., 373, R. 6 ; A., 50, 3, 6. Jahn quotes 
Hon., Od., 3, 11, 23 : inane lymphae \ dolium fundo pereuntis imo. 

62. quid iuvat hoc : So Jahn. Hos, Hermann's reading, is not 
necessary, though natural. Hoc often anticipates the contents of 
a dependent clause, as here with the Inf., 5, 45 ; ut with Subj., 
5, 19. — templis inmittere mores: is more than 'the opposite to 
v. 7 : tollere de templis.'' Inmittere, ' turn loose upon,' like so many 
hostes, sicarii, etc. Mores, ' courses of life.' 

63. bona dis : Brachylogy. ' What is good in the eyes of the 
gods.' — ducere: 'infer.' — scelerata pulpa: 'sinful, pampered 



SATIRE II. 117 

flesh' (Conington). Pulpa is the Stoic <xap%, aapKidtov, in a stronger 
form. M. Martha (1. c. p. 133, note) says that the Christian aapl 
(caro) is borrowed from the language of philosophy. Others only 
note the coincidence. Pulpa may be rendered ' blubber.' 

64. haec : sc. pulpa. — sibi : ' to suit its taste.' — corrupto : The 
oil is spoiled by the spice, Verg., Georg., 2, 465 : Alia nee Assy- 
rio fucatur lana veneno \-nec casta liquidi corrumpitur usus 
olivi. 

65. Calabrum : ' The beauty of the Calabrian fleece consisted 
in its perfect whiteness,' which is destroyed by the dye. — coxit : 
here in a bad sense, as we often use ' cook,' ' doctor.' — yitiato : 
The murex is spoiled as well as the vellus; both have violence 
done to their natures. Comp. Juv., 3, 20 : ingenuum violarent 
marmora tofuin. On the hard treatment of the murex, or Kakxn, see 
St. John, Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, 3, 225 foil. 

66. bacam: ' pearl,' literally ' berry.' The transfer is explain- 
ed by Auson., Mos., 70 : aTbentes concharum germina dacas. Di- 
luit insignem bacam, Hon., Sat., 2, 3, 241. — rasisse: Perf, like 
the Greek Aor. Inf. See 1, 42. 

67.massae: 'ore.' — crudo de pulvere: 'from their primitive 
slag ' (Conington). 

68. vitio utitur : ' gets some good out of its sin.' — nempe : G., 
500, R 2. 

70. pupae : The ancients dedicated to the gods what they 
had done with. So wdien the girl was ripe for marriage, she 
hung up her dolls. The sailor hangs up his clothes, Hon., Od., 
1, 5, 16; the lover his harp, Od., 3, 26, 3. The Sixth Book of 
the Greek Anthology is full of examples. An ingenious friend 
suggests that the practice of publishing a list of commentators 
in editions of the classics is a survival of this usage. 

71. quin damns: See G., 268; A., 57, 7, d — lance: 'sacrificial 
plate,' ' paten.' Ov., Ep. ex P., 4, 8, 39 : nee quae de parva dis pau- 
per libat acerra | tura minus grandi quam data lance valet (Jahn). 

72. Messallae propago: Lucius Aurelius Cotta Messalinus 
(Schol.), an unworthy son of M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus. See 
Tac, Ann., 6, 7. He was a notorious debauchee in the reign of 
Tiberius. — lippa : alludes to the effect of his excesses. Comp. 
5, 77. 



118 NOTES. 

73. coiipositum : ' in just balance,' ' well blended ' (Conington). 
— ius fasque : ' duty to God and man ' (Conington).— recessus | 
mentis : <ppevu>v [ivxog, Theocr., 29, 3 (Jahn). 

74. incoctum : ' thoroughly imbued.' — generoso honesto : 
' with the honor of a gentleman.' See note on mordaci vero, 1, 
107. 

75. cedo: Notice the quantity. G., 190, 4; A., 38, 2,/. Ce- 
do, ' give here,' ' let.' For the construction : cedo ut bibam, 
Plaut., Most., 2, 1, 26 ; cedo ut inspiciam, Cure, 5, 2, 54. — admo- 
vere : a sacrificial word. — farre litabo : Coinp. Hon., Od., 3, 23, 
19 : mollivit aversos Penatis \ farre pio et saliente mica. Litare is 
the Greek KaXXiepelv, ' offer acceptably.' The sentiment may be 
illustrated without end. Comp. Svcria /iey/orr? r<£ Se£ to y evae/Selv, 
Men., Mon., 246, and Eur., fr. 329 and 940 (Nauck). 



THIRD SATIRE. 

Argument. — The Satire opens dramatically. A young Roman of the 
upper classes is discovered asleep, snoring off the effects of yesterday's 
debauch. To him one of his familiars, half companion, half tutor, who 
rouses him by telling him that the sun is already high in the heavens, 
and it is time to be up. The young fellow bawls for his servants, brays 
for them, and makes a show of going to work. But nothing suits him. 
He curses the ink because it is too thick, then he curses it because it is 
too thin, and finally swears at pen and ink both. ' You big baby,' ex- 
claims the monitor. 'Do you expect me to study with such a pen?' 
asks the young man with a whine. ' Don't come to me with your puling 
nonsense, you dab of untempered mortar, you unformed lump of clay. 
You are lazing away the time, when every minute is of moment, when 
the potter's wheel should fly faster and faster, and deft hands should 
mould the vessel of your life (1-24). But I see }'OU think that you have 
already attained perfection. You are satisfied with your position in 
life, move in a good circle. Tell that to the profane vulgar. I know 
you, every inch of you. Shame on you, that you, with your training, 
should live like a brutish creature, who does not know what a rich jewel 
he is flinging away, who sinks without a struggle in the slough of vice, 
whose soul dies and makes no sign. But you, who know better, will 
have a dire fate. No worse doom could Jove himself bring down on 
cruel t} T rants than the vain yearning for lost virtue, which they can 
never hope to regain. Nay, worse than" the brazen bull of Phalaris and 



SATIRE III. 119 

the pendent sword of Damocles is the consciousness of sin, the pallor 
that blanches not the cheek only, but the very heart (25-43). You are 
past the age of childhood, and have not the excuse of tender years. If 
you were a child, I could understand your behavior. I remember my 
own childhood, how hateful and unprofitable task-work alternated with 
frivolous play, how I dodged the learning of the piece I had to speak, 
how I had no thought for any thing save dice and marbles and tops (44- 
51). But you have reached a higher level. You know the great norms 
of life, the doctrines of the Porch ; you understand the distinctions of 
Right and Wrong. Pshaw ! As I live, you are snoring still. Wake up, 
I say, and tell me— have you any aim in life ? Or are you nothing better 
than a boy following sparrows with a pinch of salt?' (52-62). 

Here the poet drops the dramatic form, deserts the individuality of 
the student, and makes his exhortation general, reserving, of coui-se, 
the right to pick out at will any member of his congregation for rebuke. 
He mounts the pulpit and begins to preach. His text is : 

'Be wise to-day; 'tis madness to defer.' Go back to the first princi- 
ples of all true philosophy, the constitution of the universe, the posi- 
tion of man in that universe, the great laws of Ethic as derived from the 
great laws of Physic. In brief, study your Stoic catechism. Do not 
allow yourself to be diverted from higher study by success in the lower 
ranges of life. You lawyer there, for instance, do not let hams and 
sprats, the gifts of thankful clients, seduce you from the ambrosia of 
true philosophy (63-76). 

But hark ! some one is talking out in church. It is the voice of the 
unsavory centurion. 

' I have got all the sense I want. I would not be for all the world one 
of your painful philosophers, with head tucked down, eyes riveted on 
the ground, mumbling and muttering a lot of metaphysic trash — chi- 
maera bombinans in vacuo — and the rest of the scholastic stuff. What ! 
get pale for that ? What ! miss my breakfast for that !' 

Great applause in the galleries, and a rippling reduplication of laugh- 
ter from the muscular humanity of the period (77-87). 

A sudden turn, or rather a sudden return to the figure of v. 63. The 
connection, if there be a connection, seems to be this: 

Such men as the centurion are hopelessly lost, have already ' imbodied 
and imbruted.' Like Natta, they are unconscious of their moral ruin. 
But there are those who, half-conscious of their condition, consult a 
physician of the soul, a spiritual director. The state of this class is set 
forth in a dramatic parable. A man feels sick, goes to see a doctor, fol- 
lows his advice for a while, gets better, and then, despite all remon- 
strance, violates the plainest rules of diet and falls dead (88-106). 

But before our preacher can make the application, he is interrupted 
by an impatient hearer, perhaps, none other than the yawning youth, 

F 



120 NOTES. 

whose acquaintance we made in the beginning of the Satire. Whoever 
he is, he is so literal that he does not understand the drift of the apo- 
logue. 

'Sick! Who's sick? Not I. No fever in my veins. No chill in 
hands or feet.' 

'But,' says our resolute moralist, 'the sight of money, the meaning 
smile of a pretty girl, makes your heart beat a devil's tattoo. Coarse 
flour shows that you are mealy-mouthed, and tough cabbage brings out 
the ulcer in your throat. Kindle the fire of wrath beneath the cauldron 
of your blood, and Orestes is sane in comparison ' (107-118). 



According to Jahn, this Satire is aimed at those that have received a 
thorough training in ethics, but, owing to the weakness of human nat- 
ure, fail to follow the true guide of life ; and, although well aware of their 
short-comings, imitate the example of those brutish souls whose sins 
are excused by their ignorance. In short, the Satire is an expansion 
of the old theme — Video meliora proboque. 

Knickenberg (Be Ratione Stoica in Persii Satiris Apparenie, p. 16 seqq.) 
maintains that in conformity with Stoic doctrine, it is not so much the 
weakness of human nature as imperfect knowledge — the inscitia debilis 
of v. 99 — that is the source of the vices which the author lashes in the 
present Satire. According to the Stoic, virtue is knowledge, and the 
snoring youth, with his half-knowledge, which keeps him from rising 
to the height of virtue, is the pattern of the false philosophy of the 
time. 

But Persius is not an expounder of the Stoic philosophy, as a system, 
any more than Seneca is ; and commentators have attributed to him a 
profounder knowledge of philosophy than he had, certainly a profound- 
cr knowledge than it would have been artistic to show. Persius re- 
peats the catechism of the sect, expands some of their favorite theses, 
elaborates some of their pet figures, and finds fault with his fellow-stu- 
dents in the lofty tone which he had caught from his teachers. A glar- 
ing paradox, such as we find in 5, 119, he is but too happy to reproduce, 
but the subtle analysis for which the Stoics were famous does not ap- 
pear in his poems. 

The Satire is said by the Scholiast to be imitated from the Fourth Book 
of Lucilius. 

1-24. A young student is roused by one of his companions, 
who, after meditating on his snoring form (1-4), remonstrates 
with him against lying abed so long. Yawning and headachy, 
he attempts to go to work, calls his servants testily, has his writ- 
ing materials brought, swears at them, and is rebuked by his 



SATIRE III. 121 

sage friend for his babyishness, and urged to make use of this 
golden season of life. 

1 . Nempe : The opening is made very lively by the use of 
nempe, which implies a preceding statement, and thus plunges at 
once into the thick of the dialogue. ' And so ' — a olear imita- 
tion of Hon., Sat., 1, 10, 1. Comp. the English use of ' and ' in 
the first verse of lyrics, and the common stage trick of beginning 
a scene with conjunctions : Farquhar, Beaux' Stratagem, 2, 2 : 
' And was she the daughter of the house V Cibber, The Provoked 
Wife, 5, 4 : 'But what dost thou think will come of this business V 
This effect is lost by bringing in the comes at v. 5, as some do. — 
mane: Substantive, the Abl. of which, mane (mani), is in more 
common use as an Adverb. — fenestras: 'windows,' here for 
' window-shutters.' 

2. extendit: 'makes wider,' 'makes seem wider,' a familiar 
optical effect— rimas : ' chinks ' (between the shutters). 

3. stertimus: Ironical First Person, excluding the speaker. — 
indomitum: 'heady,' 'unmanageable' (Conington). Falernian 
was a strong wine: ardens, Hor., Od., 2, 11, 9; severum, Od., 1, 
27, 19; forte, Sat., 2, 4, 24. Add Ltjcan, 10, 162: Indomitum 
Meroe cogens spumare Fa I er num. — quod sufficiat : 'what ought 
to be enough.' G., 633 ; A., 65, 2.— despumare : ' work off,' ' carry 
off the fumes of (Conington). Despumare is a technical term 
'skim' (Verg., Georg., 1, 296), like 'rack' in English. 

4. quinta dum linea tangitur umbra : where we should ex- 
pect quinta linea umbra, by what is called Hypallage. Coning- 
ton compares Aeschyl., Ag., 504 : deKar^ tre <pk yy u t$3' &</>i K 6priv 
eTovg. See Schneidewin's note.— dum : ' while,' ' whereas,' ' and 
yet,' Comp. G., 572, R. ; A., 72, 1, c— linea: of the sun-dial. 
The fifth hour (about 11 o'clock) was the time of the prandium, 
according to Auson., Ephem. Loc. Ordin. Coqui, 1, 2 (Casaubon) : 
Sosia, prandendum est, quartam iam totus in lioram \ sol calet: ad 
.quint am fiectitur umbra notam. In Horace's time breakfast 
was after 10 (Sat., 1, 5, 25). The sophist Alciphron implies that 
12 was the hour in his day (3, 4, 1). 

5. en quid agis ? Comp. en quid ago? Verg., Aen., 4, 534. In 
lively questions the present is often used as a future, ns:^Quoi 
dono lepidum novum libellum? Catull., 1, 1.— siccas: proleptic 



122 NOTES. 

or predicative, to be combined with coquit. Conington renders 
' is baking the crops dry,' but coquere is too common in this sense 
for such a translation, a criticism which applies to a very large 
proportion of Conington's picturesque versions. Coquere is the 
regular word for ' ripen ' — Gr. irkaaio— Varro, K. R., 1, 7, 4 ; 54, 1. 
Tr. 'is ripening hard' (in the broiling sun). — insana canicula: 
'the mad dog-star' is, of course, the 'mad dog's star ' (Conington). 
Comp. Hor., Od., 3, 29, 18 ; Ep., 1, 10, 16. 

7. coinitum : Gomes is a wide term, embracing fellow-students 
and tutors. The Greek word is ol (rwovrsg. See Lttcian's fa- 
mous tract, mpi tGjv IttI fiicSy (twovtwv (de mercede conductis). 

8. aliquis: 'somebody,' 'r^,' of a servant. Aperite aliquis 
actutum ostium, Ter., Adelphi, 4, 4, 46. "Qa-rrep lv olicy Zvioi $e- 
GTroTai TrpooraTTOvcn, "Irii) rig £<p' vdcjp, Ev\a Tig axicdrw, Xen., 

Cyr., 5, 3, 49.— neinon 2 on the rhetorical -ne, see 1, 22.— vitrea 
bilis: a medical term, vaXioSrjg %o\?7, according to Casaubon. 
Comp. splendida bilis, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 141. 

9. findor : ' I'm splitting,' the exclamation of the impatient 
youth. The old reading, finditur, ' he ' or 'it' (bilis) 'is splitting,' 
has little MS. authority. Others read faidimtir. — Arcadiae pecu- 
ria : The asses of Arcady were famous in antiquity. — rudere : 
with u long only here and Atjson., Epigr., 76, 3. 

10. him que liber:- The distribution of these articles is not 
without its difficulty. According to some, liber is the author to 
be explained by the teacher ; chartae, the papyrus for rough notes ; 
membrana, the parchment for a more careful transcript. Accord- 
ing to others, ' liber is the author out of which the lesson or the- 
sis is to be transcribed, and membrana the parchment wrapper 
for preserving the loose sheets, as the work progresses ' (Pretor). 
— bicoior: used either of the two sides of the skin — the one 
from which the hair had been scraped, yellow, the other white 
(Casaubon), or, more probably, of the custom of coloring the 
parchment artificially (Jahn). — capillis : is commonly taken for 
2)ilis, a rare use. The hair side of the skin was carefully smooth- 
ed with pumice-stone. Arida modo pumice expolitum, Cat., 1, 2 ; 
cui pumex tondeat ante comas, Tib., 3, 1, 10. The old explana- 
tion, according to which positis capillis =z capillis ornatis sive 
pexis (Plum), has found an advocate in Schliiter. The young 






SATIRE III. 123 

man is supposed to have dressed his hair before he goes to 
work. 

11. nodosa harundo = calamus of the next verse. 

12. querimur : In his ed. of 1868 Jalin lias abandoned queritur 
(1843) here and in v. 14. Comp. stertimus, v. 3.— calaiuo : In 
prose, &e calamo. 

13. nigra sepia: 'The blackness of the liquor,' Conington, 
who says correctly that nigra is emphatic. Sepia, 'juice of the 
cuttle-fish,' used for ink. ■ Coinp. Auson., Epist., 4, 76 ; 7, 54 
(Jahn). 

14. fistula = 7iarundo. The nib of the pen was badly slit. 
Comp. nee iam fissipedis per calami mas | grassetur Gnidiae sul- 
cus harundinis, Auson., Epist,, 7, 49-50. 

The whole period is very awkward, and is not improved by 
Jahn's seel for quod in v. 13. Mr. Pretor suspects a duplex recensio, 
and brackets v. 13. In any other author I should suggest dilutas- 
que nimis for dilutas querimur, v. 14 (Mp. querimus). 

15. ultra miser ■= miser lor. — hucine reruin: Hucine is archaic 
and colloquial. On rerum, see G., 371, R. 4; A., 50, 2, d. Comp. 
1, 1 for the translation. 

16. tenero columoo : a pet name for children (Schol.). Co- 
lumbus is ' the house-pigeon,' palumbus ' the wood-pigeon.' Some 
of the best MSS. read palumbo, which Bentley on Hoe., Od., 1, 2, 
10, prefers. Notice farther that nurses often feed their babies 
pigeon-fashion. — regnm pueris : ' aristocratic babies,' ' babies of 
quality' (Conington). Begum as in 1, 67. — pappare : {papare, 
Jahn, 1843) Infin. for Substantive, 'pap.' Such Infinitives are 
hardly parallel with vivere triste (1, 9), and belong rather to the 
verba togae. They may be called nursery Infinitives. Comp. 
Titin. (ap. Charisium, 1, p. 99 P.), v. 78 Ribb. : Date Mi biuer, 
iracunda haec est. Comp. the Greek t6 irieiv, to (payelv, Theocr., 
10, 53 ; Anthol. Pal., 12, 34, 5. The Scholiast calls pappare and 
lallare ' wees mutilasS — minutum : ' chewed fine,' ' minced.' 

18. iratus : ' in a pet.' — mammae : exactly our ' mammy ;' de- 
pends on lallare, not on iratus. — lallare : like pappare, ' lullaby.' 
' Pettishly refusing to let mammy sing you to sleep ' (Conington) 
— ' to go by-bye for mammy.' 

19. studeam : G., 258 ; A., 57, 6. The absolute use of studere 



124 NOTES. 

is post-Augustan. Desidioso studere torqueri est, Sen., Ep. M.," 
71, 23.— Cui verba : sc. das ? 

20. succinis : ' sing to an instrument or second to a person,' 
'hence to sing small' (Conington), 'come whimpering, whining 
with.' — ambages : ' beating about the bush,' ' shuffling excuses.' 
Quando pauper iem, missis ambagious, horres, Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 9. — 
tibi luditur : Tua res agitur, ' it is your game,' ' your stake,' ' your 
affair.' — effluis aniens : with a sudden change of figure. The 
dissolute young man is compared to a cracked jar, from which 
all the noble 'wine of life' (Shaksp., Macbeth, 2, 3) is escaping. 
The passage in Ter., Eun., 1, 2, 25, which is often cited in this 
connection: Plenus rimarum sum; hue atque hue perfluo refers 
to ' a leaky vessel,' one who can not keep a secret. 

21. contemnere : A sudden desertion of the metaphor, unless 
contemnere be a technical term, like cnrodoicifidZeiv, 'reject on test.' 
Cicero combines conterere et contemnere, contemnere et reicere, con- 
temnere et pro nihilo putare. The Scholiast thinks that the word 
is an unhappy reminiscence of Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 14: contemnere 
miser. — sonat vitiuin = sono indicat mtium. Sonat mtium, like sa- 
pit mare, ' sounds flawy,' ' has a flawy ring.' The Schol. comp. 
Verg., Aen., 1, 328: nee vox hominem sonat. — maligne: 'ill- 
naturedly,' ' grudgingly,' of that which falls short of what was 
expected. Maligne respondet, ' gives a short answer,' ' a dull 
sound.' 

22. viridi = crudo, ' untempered.' The material is ill-mixed 
and the crock ill-baked (non coctd). 

23. ' Persius steps back, as it were, while pursuing the meta- 
phor,' is Conington's droll defence of Persius's varepov Trporepov. 
Common critics would say that Persitjs had bungled the figure. 
— properandus et fingendus : not necessarily equivalent to pro- 
pere fingendus. Comp. Juv., 4, 134 : argillam atque rotam citius 
properate. 

24-43. Persius: 'I know what you are going to say. You 
have a fair estate, you have nothing to dread, you have good 
connections, you have a good position. Away with these bau- 
bles. I know you yourself. You live no higher life than the 
dullest sensualist, who knows not what he is losing; but the 
time will come when you will be roused to the consciousness of 






SATIRE III. 125 

your loss, and your soul must be tortured with the expectation 
of impending ruin and the carking of hidden sin.' — rure pater- 
no: G.,412,R. 1; A., 55, 3, c, R 

25. far modicum: Modicum with a sneer. The young man 
keeps up a show of Stoic moderation. — salinum — patella: two 
articles of plate, to which every respectable family aspired. 
Compare the apostle-spoons and the caudle-cup of the Elizabeth- 
an period. The salinum and the patella were exempt, when all 
other gold and silver plate was called for to meet the necessities 
of the state. — puruin et sine lafoe: literally and metaphorically. 

26. quid metuas : ex animo iuve?iis. The young man is sup- 
posed to ask quid metuam? See v. 19. 'I have nothing to fear 
on the score of poverty. 1 — cultrix foci : The patella was used in 
the worship of the Lares. Conington preserves the possible 
double sense of 'inhabitant' and 'worshipper,' by rendering ; a 
dish for fireside service.' — secura: 'that knows no fear' (of 
want). 

27. hoc satis? This is very well, but is it enough? — an dece- 
at : The connection is not very plain, and Jahn thinks that an- 
other person is apostrophised. Persius is attacking the same 
man, now as to his fortune, now as to his family. That this is 
not clearly brought out, is simply his own fault. — ventis : ' with 
airs ' (Pretor). See 4, 20. 

28. stemmate : Abl. as a whence-case. ' Comp. Jtjv., 8, 1-6 ; 
Suet., Nero, 37. These stemmata were genealogical trees or ta- 
bles of pedigree, in which the family portraits {imagines) were 
connected by winding lines. Comp. stemmata vero lineis discurre- 
oant ad imagines ^'ctas,PLiN.,H.N.,25,2,and multae stemmatum 
flexurae, Sen., de Benef., 3, 28 ' (Pretor, after Jahn). — Tusco: The 
Etruscans were great sticklers for family, as Persius well knew. 
Comp. Hor., Od., 3, 29, 1 ; Sat., 1, 6, 1 ; Prop., 4, 9, 1. Your 
aristocratic philosopher can afford to be disdainful of birth. A 
Stoic commonplace : si quid est aliud in philosophia ooni, hoc est 
quod stemma non inspirit, Sen., Ep., 44, 1. — ramum == lineam. — 
millesime : ' a thousand times removed ' (Pretor). On the case, 
1, 123. Conington recognizes a side-thrust, and compares Sav- 
age's ' No tenth transmitter of a foolish face.' 

29. censoremne: So Casaubon. Jahn (1868) reads -que, thus 



126 NOTES. 

abandoning the reading which is best supported by MSS., but 
utterly unsupported by grammar, -ve. The careless use of vel 
after ve is one of those slips that are simply incredible, nor can 
-ve — vel be successfully defended by connecting the latter close- 
ly with trdbeate. Pretor explains, ' because you have a censor in 
your family, or are yourself a knight of distinction (sc. quodve 
censorem tuum salutas vel quod ipse trcibeatus es '). Heinr.'s con- 
jecture, fatuum, with a reference to the censorship of Claudius, is 
itself almost fatuous. If we are to resort to conjecture, Heinr.'s 
other suggestion, vetulwn, would be mild. Jahn explains this 
line (after Niebuhr) of the municipales equites, 'Because you are 
a great man in your own provincial town.' Comp. 1, 129. 'In 
any case the allusion is to the annual transvectio of the equites be- 
fore the censor, who used to review them {recognoscere) as they 
defiled before him on horseback. If censorem is understood of 
Rome, tuum will imply that the. youth is related to the Emperor, 
like Juvenal's Rubellius Blandus, 8, 40 ; otherwise it means 
"your local censor"' (Conington). — trabeate: The trabea is the 
official dress of the equites. Comp. 1, 123. 

30. ad populum phaleras : ' The phalerae included all the trap- 
pings of the horse and rider. They were on occasion much orna- 
mented with metal, and Polybius (6, 23) says that they were 
given as rewards of merit to cavalry soldiers ' (Pretor, after Jahn). 
' To the mob with your trappings, your stars and garters.' — intus 
et in cute : ' inside and out ;' a rough equivalent. In cute (Gr. 
lv xp<t>) means ' closely ' (' to a dot, a T '). See Lexx. s. v. xp<*>£- 

31.U0H pudet: 'You are not ashamed?' (you ought to be). 
See G., 455. — discincti: Comp. discinctus aut perdam nepos, 
Hor., Epod., 1, 34 (Schol.). The discinctus is 'a man of loose 
habits.' — Nattae : taken at random from Hon., Sat., 1, 6, 124. 

32. stupet I avaioSriTu (Casaubon). He is ' past feeling,' his 
conscience is benumbed, is 'seared with a hot iron.' — fibris iii- 
crevit opimum pingue : ' his heart is overgrown with thick col- 
lops of fat ' (Conington). The Scriptural parallels are familiar : 
Psa., 119, 70; Matt., 13, 15; John, 12, 40. The Delphin ed. 
comp. Tertull., de Anima, 20 : Opimitas impedit sapientiam. 
On opimum pingue, comp. 1, 107. 

33. caret culpa: Perhaps because the Stoic would not hold 



SATIRE III. 127 

him responsible, Epictet., Diss., 1, 18. Conington well re- 
marks that Casaubon's quotation from Menand., Mon., 430—6 
fir]Sev tiding ovSkv ^anaprdvu— does not meet the case. In Menan- 
der we have to do with ' a sin of ignorance ' against others. 
Here the sin is against the man's own nature. Possibly culpa is 
— conscientia culpae.— rursum non Ibullit : ' he makes no bubbles,' 
' makes no further struggles,' ' he is down among the dead men.' 
34-43. The terrors of remorse. 

36. velis : ' deign.' Velle gives a reverential turn to the wish. 

37. Hioverit: Perf. Subj. Attraction of mood. G., 666; A., 
66, 2— ferventi tincta veneno : The gelidum venerium chills, this 
poison fires the blood. Comp. Alciphr., 1, 37, 3 : Sepfiorepov 
cpapfiaicov, of a love potion. Occultum inspires ignem fallasque 
veneno, Verg., Aen., 1, 688. Tincta is a reminiscence of the 
shirt of Nessus and the bridal-gift of Medea to Glauce\ 

38. intahescant : belongs to the same sphere of comparison. 
Intabescere, Karar^fce^ai, is hopeless pining for a lost love. 
Comp. Theocr., 1, 66 ; 11, 14. For the figure, see Ov., Met., 3, 
487: ut intabescere flavae \ igne levi cerae— solent, sic attenuatus 
amare \ Mquitur.—relictSL : sc. virtute. Conington comp. Verg., 
Aen., 4, 692: quaesivit caelo lucem ingemuitque reperta. Relicta 
= quod reliquerint. 

30. &xme—an. — Siculi iuvenci: Every one has heard of the 
brazen bull made by Perillus for Phalaris of Agrigentum, Cic, 
Off., 2, 7, 26, and the sword of Damocles, in the next verse, is a 
proverb in English. Comp. Hor., Od., 3, 1, 17 ; Cic, Tusc. Dis., 5, 
21, 61. — aera: poet. Plur. Vivid personification and identifica- 
tion. 

40. auratis laquearibus =de a. I. Laquearibus, ' sunken panels 
(lacus) between the cross-beams of the ceiling.' See Verg., Aen., 
1, 726. — ensis : a poetic word, ' glaive,' ' brand.' 

41. purpureas cervices: Damocles was arrayed in royal pur- 
ple ; hence purpureas (Casaubon). Others apply the expression to 
tyrants generally. Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 35, 12 : pur pur ei tyranni. 

42. imus : Better to have a sword hanging by a hair over your 
neck than yourself to be hanging above an abyss of misery. The 
commentators refer to Tiberius's letter to the senate (Tac, Ann., 6, 
6 ; Suet., Tib., 67), by way of illustrating the shuddering perplexi- 

F2 



128 • NOTES. 

ty of the sinful tyrant. — dicat : The subject is loosely involved. — 
intus | palleat : This ' not very intelligible expression ' (Coning- 
ton) is paralleled by Shaksp., Macb., 2, 2 : 'My hands are of your 
color, but I shame | to wear a heart so white? 

43. quod : dependent on the notion of fear contained in palUre. 
G., 329, R. 1 ; A., 52, 1, a. — proxima uxor: ' the wife at his side,' 
' the wife of his bosom.' — uesciat : ' is not to know.' 

44-51. You have not the excuse of an unenlightened con- 
science, nor have you the plea of the ignorance of boyhood. 
Boys will be boys. I was a boy myself, played boyish tricks, 
loved boyish sports. My training was bad, my behavior only to 
be justified by my training. 

44. parvus t 'as a small boy :' Memini quae plagosum mihi 
par do | Orbilium dictare, Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 70. — olivo: The boy 
would tip (tangere) his eyes with oil, in order to make believe, by 
the use of the remedy, that he was suffering from the disease. 
For the anointing of sore eyes, see Hon., Sat., 1, 3, 25; Ep., 1, 
1,29. 

45. grandia : ' sublime.' Grandia verba is the American ' tall 
talk.'— noil em : Iterative conditional. G., 569, R. 2 ; A., 59, 5, b. 
— morituri Catonis: Such compositions were very much in 
vogue as rhetorical exercises. Comp. Juv., 1, 16 (oration to 
Sulla, advising a withdrawal from public life) ; 7, 161 (speech 
made for Hannibal). Seneca (Ep., 24, 6) does not seem to re- 
gard the theme of Cato's death as threadbare. 

46. discere : better than dicere. The boy shirks the learning 
rather than the speaking, and the sore eyes would be a better 
excuse for the one than for the other. — non sano : Comp. Pe- 
tron., cap. 1 ; Tac, Or., 35, on this system of training. Hermann 
reads et insane. — laudanda = quae laudaret, the free adjective use 
of the Gerundive, which is more common in later times. 

47. quae pater audiret: Juv., 7, 166: ut totiens ilium pater 
audi at. — sudans : from excitement; hardly 'in a glow of per- 
spiring ecstasy' (Conington). Sudans is thrown in maliciously 
as a comment. 

48. iure : tlKoriog, ' and well I might.' — etenim : is ical yap. 
Theoretically the predicate of the preceding sentence is to be re- 
peated with the et. Practically it is often best to leave et un- 



SATIRE III. 129 

translated. G., 500, R. 2 and 3; A., 43, 3, d.— senio, etc. : 'The 
game was played with four tali, which, unlike the tesserae, were 
rounded on two sides, while the other four faces were marked 
with one, three, four, or six pips, and called respectively unio, 
ternio, quaternio, senio. The cants was the worst throw, when all 
four tali showed single pips (Ov., A. A., 2, 206; Trist., 2,474; 
Mart., 13, 1, 6 ; Prop., 4, 8, 46), and the Venus the best, when all 
the faces turned up were different (Lucian, Amor., p. 415) ; or 
else, for it varied upon occasion, when all showed sices. The 
ace was a losing throw and the sice a winning one, when the pips 
were counted' (Pretor, after Jahn). Persius wanted to know 
the value of each throw, what one brought in (ferret) another 
swept off (raderet). 

49. scire erat in voto : Hoc erat in votis, Hor., Sat, 2, 6, 1. 

50. angustae collo non fallier orcae : The allusion is to a 
game at nuces, called rpoTta, or ' cherry-pit.' ' 'Tis not for gravity 
to play at cherry-pit with Satan,' Shaksp., Twelfth N., 3, 4. Fr. 
d lafossette. Comp. Rabelais, 1, 2. The modern equivalent of 
nuces is marbles, and the modern rpoira is l pitch-in-the-hole,' or 
'knucks.' Instead of the hole in the ground (fioSpog), the an- 
cients used a small jar (orca), and to enhance the difficulty of 
getting in, the neck of this jar was made narrow {collo angustae 
orcae = angusto collo orcae, by Hypallage, v. 4). So the modern 
hole admits but one marble. Comp. [Ov.] Nux, 85, 86 : Vas quo- 
que saepe cavum spatio distante locatur, \ in quod missa levi nux ca- 
dat una manu. — fallier: like dicier, 1, 28. 

51. neu quis = ^ ne quis. G-., 546. ' Et [erat in voto] ne quis 
callidior [essety — buxum: 'top,' because made of ' boxwood.' 
Comp. Verg., Aen., 7, 382: voludile ouxum. — torquere: See 
Prol., 11, and 1,118., 

52. You have had a better training. You have reached years 
of discretion. You know Right from Wrong. — curyos =zpravos. 
Comp. scilicet ut possem curvo dinoscere rectum, Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 44, 
and Persius, 4, 12 ; 5, 38. 

53. quaeque docet : Quae depends by Zeugma on some notion 
involved in deprendere, such as tenere. G., 690 ; M., 478, Obs. 4. 
— sapiens porticus : Comp. sapientem, oaroam, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 35 ; 
erudituspulvis, Cic, N. D., 2, 18, 48.— bracatis inlita Medis : The 



130 NOTES. 

crod 7roiKi\rj 7 the resort of Zeno and his school, was adorned with 
paintings by Polygnotus and others. One of these paintings rep- 
resented the battle of Marathon, hence ' the wise Porch bepaint- 
ed with the trouser'd Medes.' Inlita perhaps contemptuous, 
not necessarily 'frescoed.' The bracae (dva^vpideg, SvXcucoi), a 
mark of barbaric luxury and display. Comp. Prop., 4, 3, 17 : 
Tela fugacis equi et ~bracati militis arcus and Persica braca, Ov., 
Tr., 5, 10, 34 (Freund). — quibus: Neuter. Quibus et = et quibus. 
Trajection, G., 693. — detonsa: 'close-cropped,' for so the Stoics 
wore their hair, although they let their beard grow long (tv xp<? 
Kovplai), Luc, Hermot., 18 ; Vit. Auct., 20. Comp. Juv., 2, 15 : 
supercilio brevior coma. 

55. invigilat : ' rather tautological after insomnis. Nee capiat 
somnos invigiletque malis, Ov., Fast., 4, 530 ' (Conington). Pos- 
itive and negative sides of an action are more frequently com- 
bined in Latin and Greek than in English, and ' sleepless vigil ' 
would not be strange even in English. — siliquis : ' pulse.' Hor., 
Ep., 2, 1, 123 : vivit [vates] siliquis et pane secundo. — grandi po- 
lenta: 'mighty messes of porridge;' coarse, thick stuff (Macleane). 
'Polenta, dXtpira, " pearl barley," a Greek, not a Roman dish (Pun., 
H. N., 18, 19, 28), mentioned as a simple article of diet by Atta- 
lus, Seneca's preceptor (Ep., 110, 18) ' (Conington, after Jahn). 

56. Samios =r Pythagorean, from Pythagoras of Samos. ' And 
the letter, which is disparted into Samian branches, has point- 
ed out to you the steep path whose track is on the right.'— di- 
duxit : as demanded by the sense against the MSS., which have 
deduxit. — littera: The letter Y, or rather its old form \ was se- 
lected by Pythagoras to embody the immemorial image of the 
two paths (Hesiod, O. et D., 287-292), so familiar in the apo- 
logue of Hercules at the cross-roads (Xen., £onim., 2, 1, 20), and 
alluded to again by our author, 5, 34. Hence this letter was 
called the Pythagorean; Atjson., Id., 12, de litt.monos.,9: PytJia- 
gorae bivium ramis patet ambiguis Y (comp. also Id., 15, 1 : quod 
vitae sectabor iter?) Hence the rami Samii above. 'The stem 
stands for the unconscious life of infancy and childhood, the di- 
verging branches for the alternative offered to the youth, virtue 
or vice ' (Conington) . 

57. surgentem: The path to the right is the surgens callis of 



SATIRE III. 131 

Persius, the opSiog olfxog of Hesiod. The character itself points 
upward, and the right-hand path is a clear-cut line (limes), so that 
there is no mistaking the road, unless you are bent on following 
Shakspeare's ' primrose path of dalliance,' instead of ' the steep 
and thorny path to heaven.' 

58. stertis adhuc : The preacher finds his audience still snor- 
ing, despite his eloquence. As stertis can not be divorced from 
what follows, it is better to take it as an exclamation than as a 
rhetorical question. — laxumque caput, etc. : ' Your head a-lolling 
with its coupling loose, yawns a yawn of yesterday with jaws 
unhinged at every point.' The head is laxum on account of its 
weight. Comp. Kapr)(3apelv, Alciphr., 3, 32, and Menand., fr. 67 
(4, 88 Mein.). 

59. oscitat hesternuni: ' Yawming off yesterday ' (Conington) ; 
the yawn is yesterday's yawn, because it comes from yesterday's 
debauch^ Alexis, fr. 277 (3, 515 Mein.). — undique: 'from all 
points of the compass ' (Conington), ' an intentional exaggera- 
tion for utraque parte.' — malis: Jahn's malis? (1843) is not good. 
The description is too minute for the interrogative form. 

60. est aliquid : Ironical ; hence the expectation of a negative 
answer is suppressed. G., 634, R. 1 ; A., 65, 2, a. — quo == in quod. 
Schliiter combines with tendis arcum. — in quod : The other read- 
ing, in quo, is unsatisfactorily defended by Hermann and Pretor. 

61. 'A wild-goose chase' is the corresponding English ex- 
pression for the Latin corvos sequi, the Greek rd Trerofieva diwicuv. 
'Each word is carefully selected. Thus the chase is a random 
one {passim), the object worthless {corvos), the missile any thing 
that comes first to hand ' (Pretor, after Jahn). Jahn refers fur- 
ther to Aeschyl., Ag., 394 (Dind.) : citaka 7rdig iroravov opviv. Fa- 
miliar is EuRIP. : TTTi\vdg diw/eeif, <L tskvov, tclq iXiriSag. 

62. ex tempore : ' for the moment,' ' at the beck of the mo- 
ment,' ' by the rule of the moment ' (Conington). 

63-76. A general preachment begins. Wake up, you snorer. 
Wake up, all you snorers. You are all sick, or all threatened 
with sickness. Do not postpone the remedy until it is too late. 
That remedy is to be found in the principles of true wisdom ; in 
other words, in the doctrines of the Stoic creed. Before the ser- 
mon is finished, the preacher notices an unfriendly stir in his 



132 NOTES. 

audience, and is punching a member of his congregation when 
he is interrupted. 

63. helleboruni : The black hellebore this time (1, 51). The 
black was good for dropsy, Ples., H. K, 25, 5, 22. It was the 
great ' purger of melancholy.' — cutis aegra tumebit : Comp. vv. 
95, 98. — yenieiiti occurrite niorbo : Every one will remember the 
well-worn Ovidian Principiis obsta, R. A., 91. The comparison 
of moral with physical disease was a favorite topic with the 
Stoics, who overdid it, according to Cic, Tusc. Dis., 4, 10, 23. 

64. poscentis : Elsewhere Persies uses after video the less vivid 
Infinitive, 1, 19. 69 ; 3, 91. On the difference, see G., 527, R. 1; 
A., 72, 3, d. So after facio, 1, 44. 

65. quid opus: G., 390, R.; A., 52, 3, a.— Cratero: More 
bookishness. Craterus was a famous physician of the time of 
Cicero. Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 161.— inagnos promittere niontis: A 
proverbial phrase, which survives in several modern languages : 
Fr. monts et merveilles; Germ, goldene Berge versprechen. Jahn 
compares Ter., Phormio, 1, 2, 18 : modo non montisauri pollicens; 
Heinr., Sall., Cat. 23 : maria montisque polliceri coepit. 

66. discite o: To remove the hiatus, Barth suggested io, 
Guyet vos. Hor., Od., 3, 14, 11 : male ominatis. is not a parallel 
for the hiatus, even if the reading be correct, and the parallel 
in Catull., 3, 16, is conjectural. — causas cognoscite rerum : 
Comp.YERO., Georg., 2, 490: Felix, qui poluit rerum cognoscere 
causas. and sapientia est rerum dimnarum et humanarum causa- 
rumque scientia, Cic, Off., 2, 2, 5. On the connection of the dif- 
ferent articles of this catechism, see Knickenberg, 1. c. p. 35 seqq. 
Discite is the exhortation to the study of philosophy. Causas 
cognoscite rerum bids us pursue what the Stoics called Physic, for 
without a knowledge of nature there can be no knowledge of duty. 
Ethic is based on Physic ; tsXoq iffrl to o/xoXoyov/ievwg ry 0u<m Zrjv 
(Stob., Eel., 2, 132). See Long's Antoninus, p. 56. The consti- 
tution of nature once understood, we shall know what we owe 
to God, what to ourselves, what to mankind, what things are 
good, what evil. Quid fas optare refers to our duty to God, quern 
te deus esse iussit to our duty to ourselves, patriae carisque propin- 
quis to our duty to our neighbors. But nothing is more evident 
than the absence of any logical development. Comp. with the 






SATIRE III. 133 

whole passage, Sen., Ep., 82, 6 : sciat quo iturus sit, unde ortus, 
quod illi bonum, quod malum sit, quid petat, quid evitet, quae sit ilia 
ratio quae appetenda ac fugienda discernat, qua cupiditatum man- 
suescit insania, timorum saevitia conpescitur. 

67. quid sumus: The independent form with the Indicative 
is more lively; the regular dependent form with the Subjunc- 
tive comes in below, v. 71. G., 469, R. 1 ; A., 67, 2, d. — quid- 
nam = quam vitam. G., 331, R. 2; A., 52, 3, a, n. — yicturi: 
The use of the Participle in an interrogative clause is unnatural 
in English (G-., 471). The future Participle of purpose is late or 
poetical (G., 673 ; A., 72, 4, a). ' And what the life that we are 
born to lead.' — ordo : According to Heinr. and Jahn ordo is used 
with reference to the position in the chariot-race, so that the 
comparison begins here, and not at metae. Soph., El., 710 : gtclv- 
teq S' iv avrovg oi rerayfisvoi (3pa(3elg \ K^rjpoig tTrrfkav Kai Kar^rrjcav 
ditypovg. But as raZig (ordo) is a Stoic term, it is not unlikely that 
the use of the word suggested the figure, which came in as an 
after-thought. The Stoic preacher, as well as the Christian, finds 
it necessary to repeat himself in slightly different forms, and 
we must not look for a sharp distinction between ordo quis datus 
and humana qua parte locatus es in re, between quidnam mcturi 
gignimur and quern te deus esse iussit. 

68. quis — qui. So 1, 63. G., 105 ; A., 21, 1, a. — qua et unde : 
where (how) it lies and from what point to begin, 'where to take 
it' (Conington). Herm.'s quam is not so good. — metae flexus: 
' turn round the goal.' The difficulty of rounding the goal in a 
chariot-race is notorious. See II., 23, 306 foil. ; Soph., El., 720 
foil., and the commentators on Plato, Io, 537. With the ex- 
pression metae jlexus Jahn comp. Stat., Theb., 6, 433 : jlexae — me- 
tae. Mollis, 'gradual,' ' easy.' So Caes., B. G., 5, 9 : molle litus, 
of a gently sloping shore. 

69. quis modus argento : The Sixth Satire deals with a simi- 
lar theme. — quid fas optare : the argument of the Second Satire. 
— asper nummus : ' coin fresh from the mint,' ' rough from the 
die,' Suet., Nero, 44. So Jahn. Others consider this distinc- 
tion too subtle, and make a. n. simply equivalent to ' coined sil- 
ver,' as opposed to ' silver plate,' argentum. Conington suggests 
the meaning, ' What is the use of money hoarded up and not 



134 NOTES. 

circulated (tritus) V Comp. Hon., Sat., 1, 1, 41 foil., 73 : nescis quo 
valeat nummus f quern praebeat usum ? 

70. carisque propinquis : Hon., Sat., 1, 1, 83. 

72. locatus: 'posted,' TiTayfikvoQ, 'a military metaphor' (Ar- 
rian, Diss., 1, 9, 16; M. Anton., 11, 13). — humaiia re: 'human- 
ity,' inter homines. 

73. disce, nee invideas: sc. discere, according to Jahn. His te 
quoque iungere, Caesar | invideo, Lucan., 2, 550, like (pSoveiv : /i?) 
<pS6vei jxoi airoKpivavSai rovro, PLAT., Gorg., 489 A. PERSIUS sin- 
gles out one of his audience, who is tempted away from philosophy 
by his gains as an advocate. Others, less satisfactorily, suppose 
that the lawyer is outside of the congregation. On nee invideas, 
see 1, 7. — nmlta fldelia putet : ' Many a jar of good things is 
spoiling ;' ' The details are contemptuous. There is a coarseness 
in fees paid in kind ' (Conington). Comp. Juv., 7, 119. — pingui- 
Dus Uinbris : ' fat ' in every sense, in figure, in fortune, and in 
wit. In Mart., 7, 53, an Umbrian sends by eight huge Syrian 
slaves a miscellaneous lot of presents, value 30 nummi — a pro- 
ceeding due as much to stupidity as to stinginess {parcus Umber, 
Cat., 39, 11). The appearance of the Umbrians was not pre- 
possessing, if we may judge by Ovid's portrait of an Umbrian 
dame (A. A., 3, 303^). 

75. et piper et pernae : The piper is not the Indian, but the 
inferior Italian (Plin., H. K, 12, 7, 4 ; 16, 32, 59) (Meister). Per- 
nae, a stock present. Comp. siccus petasunculus et vas \ pela- 
mydum, Juv., 7, 119. To supply putet with piper is not satisfac- 
tory, and we must take refuge in Zeugma. Pretor is for dropping 
v. 75, and sees in Persius's awkwardness traces of a duplex re- 
censio, as in vv. 12-14. — Marsi: For the simplicity of the Marsi- 
ans, Jahn compares Juv., 3, 169 ; 14, 180. 

76. mena : ' sprat,' cheap sea-fish of some sort. ' You have 
not yet come to the last sprat of the first barrel ' (Conington). — 
defecerit: As non quod more commonly takes the Subjunctive, 
the shifting to the Subjunctive from the Indicative, after nee invi- 
deas, is not strange. Gr., 541, R. 1 ; A., 66, 1, d, R. 

77-85. The discourse is cut short by a military man, who, with 
the dogmatism of his class (vieux soldat, mettle bete), sets down all 
philosophers as a pack of noodles. The lines of the picture 



SATIRE III. 135 

which he draws are familiar to every student of manners. 'Per- 
sius hates the military cordially (comp. 5, 189-191) as the most 
perfect specimens of developed animalism, and consequently most 
antipathetic to a philosopher. See Nisard, Etudes sur les Po- 
etes Latins [1, 3 e 6d. 273-277 ; Martha, Moralistes Romains, p. 141]. 
Horace merely glances at the education their sons received, as 
contrasted with that given him by his father, in spite of narrow 
means, Sat., 1, 6, 72. Juvenal has an entire satire on them (16), 
in which he complains of their growing power and exclusive 
privileges, but without any personal jealousy ' (Conington). Per- 
sius is so bookish that I suspect Greek influence. Comp. ko^oq 
OTpa.Tui>TriQ, ovd' iav irkarTy Seof, | ovhig ykvoir av, MenanD., fl*. 711 
(4, 277 Mein.). See Introd., xx. 

77. de gente: G., 371, R. 5 ; A., 50, 2, e, R 1. Gente, 'tribe,' 
' crew. 1 — hircosa : ' Rammish ' is not too strong, oj^posed to un- 
giientatus in a fragment of Sen., ap. Gell., 12, 2, 11 (cited by Jahn). 
The unsavory soldier and the perfumed dandy are alike foes to 
the simplicity of the Stoic school. Your old soldier prided him- 
self on his stench, as would appear from the dainty anecdote in 
PLUTARCH, Mor., 180 C : J> fiaaiXtv, Srdppei Kai firi <po/3ov to 7r\rj$0Q 
tu>v 7ro\E[ii(i)v, avTov yap t)fia>v rbv ypaaov ou% VTrojxevovGi. — Cen- 

turionum : The rank is higher, but the intellectual level is that 
of the typical German Waclitmeister. 

78. Quod sapio satis est milii: Jahn (1868) ; Quod satis est sa- 
pio mihi, Jahn (1843), Herm. With the latter reading the words 
quod satis est = satis must be taken together, and a little more 
stress is laid on mihi. The general sense is the same. Comp. 
PLATO, Phaedr., 242 C: axnrep o\ rd ypafi/xara <pav\oi oaov kjxavTt^ 
fiovov iKavog, with a very different tone. — non ego : ' no — not I.' 
See 1, 45. — euro : ' care,' i. e., ' want.' See 2, 18. 

79. Arcesilas: Arcesilaus, the founder of the New Academy, 
flourished about 300 B.C. His great advance on Socrates was his 
knowing that he did not even know that he knew nothing, Cic, 
Acad., 1, 12, 45. Solon flourished about 600 B.C. Our hircose 
friend is made to jumble his samples. — aerumnosi Solones : No- 
tice the contemptuous use of the Plural. Aerumnosus, KaKoSaifxwv, 
'God-forsaken,' 'poor devil,' is a strange epithet for Solon, but 
we have to do with an ignoramus and a jolter-head. 



136 NOTES. 

80o ofostipo capite : ' with stooped head, 1 ' bent forward,' kekv- 
<})6teq. Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 92 : Davus sis comicus atque \ stee capite 
obstipo, multum similis metuenti. Comp. the description of 
Ulysses in II., 3, 217 foil. — figentes lumine terrain: Jahn quotes 
a parallel from Stat., Silv., 5, 1, 140. More common forms are 
figere lumina terra, in humo, in terram. ' They bore the ground 
with their eyes,' l look at it as if they would look through it.' 
Casaubon comp. Plat., Alcib. II., 138 A. Acid Ltjctan, Vit. Auct., 
7 ; Aristaenet., 1, 15. 

81. murmura: Imitated by Auson., Id., 17, 24 : murmure con- 
cluso rabiosa silentia rodunt. — rabiosa : ' Mad dogs do not bark.' 
— silentia : Poetic Plural ; very common. — rodunt : ' biting the 
lips and grinding the teeth.' ' Whether murmura and silentia 
are Accusatives of the object, or cognates, is not clear ' (Coning- 
ton). ' Chewing the cud of mumbled words and mad-dog si- 
lence ' is very much in the vein of Persius. Comp. ranis sermo 
illis et magna libido tacendi, Juv., 2, 14. 

82. exporrecto trutinantur : The lips are thrust out (a sign 
of deep thought) and quiver like a balance ; hence they are said 
' to poise their words upon the quivering balance of a thrust-out 
lip' — a caricature of the simple figure ponderare verba. Jahn 
compares Luc, Hermot., 1, 1: icai rd %ei\»7 dievaXzveg riptfxa 
vTroTovSopvZwv ; and Casaubon, Aristaen., 2, 3: ripkfxa r<i x E ^V 
KiveT Kal arra Srjirov rrpoQ iavrbv xj/iBvpiZsi. 

83. aegroti veteris : The aegri somnia of Hor., A. P., 7. As 
usual, Persius exaggerates, and makes the sick man {aegroti) a 
dotard to boot (veteris). Jahn understands, ' a confirmed inva- 
lid.' Comp. Juv., 9, 16: aegri veteris quern tempore longo \ torret 
quarta dies, etc. — gigni | de nihilo nihilum: The cardinal doc- 
trine of Epicurus (Lucr., 1, 150), but not confined to him. 

85. hoc est quod palles : G., 331, R. 2 ; A., 52, 1, b. Comp. 1, 
124. The Cognate Accusative is susceptible of a great variety of 
translations. ' Is this the stuff that you get pale on V (Pretor). 
' Is this what makes you pale V — prandeat : The prandium, origi- 
nally a military meal, was dear to the military stomach. Comp. 
impransi correptus voce magistri, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 257. 

86. his : Abl. Conington makes it a Dative, and cites an evi- 
dent Abl. to prove it, Verg., Aen., 4, 128. Jahn comp. Hor., 



SATIRE III. 137 

Sat., 2, 8, 83 : ridetur Jictis rerum. — multuni : with torosa, accord- 
ing to Jahn. 

87. Conington notices the grandiloquence of the line. ' Cloth 
of frize ' is often ' matched ' with ' cloth of gold ' in Persius. — 
naso crispante : ' curling nostrils.' The mob laughs, the soldiers 
snicker. The listening rabble is frankly amused. The crew to 
which the centurion belongs sneer too much to laugh out. Or 
perhaps the poet makes the distinction between the general ri- 
dere (ysXdv) and the mocking laughter of cachinnare (icayxa&iv). 

88-106. It is strange, as Pretor observes, that the sudden 
change introduced by this line should not have been noticed by 
the commentators. With a more mature artist there would be a 
suspicion of dislocation. As it is, the unity of the Satire would 
gain by omitting 66-87. Persius composed slowly, and we find 
here as elsewhere traces of piecemeal work. 

The preacher takes up his parable. A man feels sick, consults 
a physician, lies by ; is more comfortable, takes a fancy to a bath 
and a draught of wine. He meets a friend, perhaps his medical 
friend, on the way. ' My dear fellow, you are pale as a ghost.' — 
4 Pshaw !' — ' Look out ! You are yellow as saffron, and bless me ! 
if you are not swelling.' — ' Pale ? Why, you are paler than I am. 
Don't come the guardian over me. My guardian has been dead 
a year and a day.' — ' Go ahead, I'm mum.' — He goes ahead, stuffs 
himself, takes his bath. While he is drinking a chill strikes him, 
and he is a dead man. No expense spared on the funeral. ' You 
can't mean that for me,' says a literalist. ' If I'm sick, you are 
another. I have no fever, no ague.' Nay, but you are subject to 
the worst of diseases — to the fever of covetousness, the fever of 
lust, to daintiness with its sore mouth, to fear with its cold chill, 
and, worse than all, to the raging delirium of anger. 

88. inspice: i-rricK^ai, a medical term. Comp. Plaut., Pers., 
2, 5, 15. — nescio quid : G., 469, R 2 ; A., 67, 2, e. Quid is the 
Accusative of the Inner Object. 'I have a strange fluttering at 
my heart.' — aegris : ' out of order.' As aegris is emphatic, co- 
ordinate in English. There is ' something wrong about my throat 
and — ' 

89. exsuperat: Neuter. Comp. exsuperant flammae, Vergl, 
Aen., 2, 759. — gravis: ' foul.' So Ov., A. A., 3, 277 : gravis oris 



138 NOTES. 

odor. — sodes : The original form is commonly supposed to be si 
audes (saudes), Plaut., Trim, 2, 1, 18; from audeo (comp. avidus), 
' if you have the heart,' ' an thou wilt,' A., 35, 2, a. Others put 
sodes under sa (pron.), as akin to sodalis, and comp. r/StTog, 
' own dear friend,' ' mon cher.'' See Vanicek, Lat. Etym. Wb., S. 
165. Sodes=zsocius is an old tradition. 

90. requiescere : ' keep quiet.' — post qua m vidit : with a cau- 
sal shade. See 5, 88 ; 6, 10, and G., 567 ; A., 62, 2, e. 

91. tertia nox: The patient thinks that he has the more com- 
mon semitertian, whereas he has the quartan. When the third 
night comes without a chill, he fancies that he is safe. 

92. de maiore donio : The ' great house ' is clearly that of a 
rich friend, rather than that of a large dealer. Casaubon com- 
pares Juv., 5, 32 : cardiaco numquam cyathum missurus amico. — 
inodice sitiente lagoena : Thirst and capacity are near akin ; a 
flagon of moderate thirst is a flagon ' of moderate swallow,' as 
Conington renders it. The personification of the flagon is old 
and not uncommon. See the humorous epigram, Anthol. Pal., 
5, 135. 

93. lenia Surrentina : Lenia is either ' mild ' or ' mellow.' The 
Surrentine was a light wine often recommended to invalids, 
Plin., H. K, 14, 6, 8 ; 23, 1, 20.— loturo : He asks before bathing ; 
he drinks after bathing. For the custom Jahn compares Sen., 
Ep., 122, 6. — rogabit: So Jahn (1868) and Hermann. Jahn 
(1843) reads rogavit, like the Greek Aorist in descriptions. The 
Future makes it more distinctly a supposed case. 

94. videas : rather optative than imperative in its tone. 

95. surgit : ' is swelling,' ' getting bloated.' — tacite z ' insensi- 
bly' (Conington). — pellis: 'hide.' Comp. Juv., 10, 192: defor- 
mem pro cute pell em. 

96. At tu deterius : Le trait est comique. Ce serait de la gaiete, 
si Perse savait rire, Nisard. — ne sis mihi tutor, etc. : Proverbial. 
So Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 88 : ne sis patruus mihi. 

97. iam pridem sepeli : Comp. Omnes composui. Felices ! Nunc 
ego resto, Hon., Sat, 1, 9, 28. Sepeli for sepelii (sepelivi), a rare 
contraction. — turgidus hie epulis: Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 61 : crudi 
tumidique lavemur, and comp. Juv., 1, 142 seqq: paena tamen 
praesens, cum tu deponis amictus \ turgidus et crudum paixmem in 



SATIRE III. 139 

balnea portas \ hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus. — hie: 
4 our man.' — alDO ventre : Turgidus epulis is one feature, alio 
ventre another. Ventre does not depend on turgidus. The color 
(Xevkoq) is a sign of weakness and sickness. The swollen belly 
makes a ghastly show. — lavatur : ' takes his bath.' Comp. G., 
209 ; A., 39, c, n. 

99. sulpureas mefltes : Mefitis is originally the vapor from sul- 
phur-water ; hence the propriety of the epithet sulpureas. 

100. calidum triental : The wine was heated to bring out the 
sweat. Bibere et sudare vita cardiaci est, Sen., Ep., 15, 3. — triental : 
restored by Jahn (1843) for trientem, to which he returned in 
1868. Triens is the measure, % sextarius, triental would be the 
vessel. Comp. with this passage Lucil., 28, 39-40 (L. M.) : ad 
cui? quern febris una atque una an^ia \ vini inquam cyathus unus 
potuit tollere. 

101. crepuere : Vivid Aorist, not a simple return to the narra- 
tive form. Comp. 5, 187. For the Greek, which Persius imi- 
tates, see Kuhner, Ausf. Gramm. (2te Ausg.), 2, 138. — retecti : He 
shows his teeth when he chatters. 

102. imeta : Remember the large use of oil in Italian cookery. 
— eaduut = vomuntur, but there is a certain helplessness in cadunt. 
— pulmeutaria : originally tyov, ' relish,' afterward ' dainties.' 
See the Dictionaries. 

103. nine : ' hereupon.' — tuba : Trumpets announced the death, 
and trumpets were sounded at the funeral. See Hoe., Sat., 1, 6, 
42. — candelae^ce?'^, 'wax lights,' supposed by Jahn and others 
to have been used chiefly when the death was sudden, on the 
basis of Sen., Tranq., 11, 7. — tandem : ' After all the preliminary 
performances' (Macleane). — beatulus: fiaKapirrjg. Jahn cites 
Amm. Marcell., 25, 3 : quern cum beatum fuisse Sallustius respon- 
disset praefectus, intellexit occisum.. ' The dear departed ' (Coning- 
ton). ' Our sainted friend.' — alto : A mark of a first-class funeral. 

104. conpositus : ' laid out.' ' By foreign hands thy decent 
limbs composed,'' Pope. — crassis lntatns amomis : Every word 
is contemptuous : 'bedaubed with lots of coarse ointments.' The 
Plural amoma indicates the cheap display. With crassis, comp. 
Hon., A. P., 375: crassum unguentum ; with amomis, Juv., 4, 
108: amomo \ quantum vix redolent duo funera. 



140 NOTES. 

105. in portam : A custom at least as old as Homer, II., 19, 
212. Porta here = ianua, fores, but 'nowhere else' (Macleane). 
— rigidas : The gender of calx is unsteady. See Neue, Formen- 
lehre, 1, 694. 

106. hesterni Quirites : ' Citizens of twenty-four hours' stand- 
ing ' (Conington) ; slaves left free by him. Hence capite induto, 
with the pilleus ' cap of liberty ' on. The winding up of the man 
reminds one of Petron., 42 : bene elatus est, planctus est optime, 
manumisit aliquot. 

107. Persius hauls out his man-of-straw, his souffre-douleur, 
and makes him talk. — Tange venas : ' Feel my pulse,' the regu- 
lar expression, as in Sen., Ep., 22, 1 : vena tangenda est. — miser: 
Comp. v. 15. 'You're another!' 'Poor creature yourself (Co- 
nington). — pone in pectore dextrain : If you are not satisfied 
with my pulse, put your hand on my heart. 

108. nil calet hie: After some hesitation, I have given the 
whole passage from Tange miser to non frigent to one person, 
who anticipates the verdict of the monitor by nil calet hie and 
non frigent. 'You must admit that my heart is not hot nor my 
feet cold.' At the same time the very clearness is an objection. 

109. Yisa est si forte : On the form of the conditional, see G., 
569 ; A., 59, 2, b. On the obvious thought, see 2, 52 foil. ; 4, 47. 

111. rite: 'regularly.' — positnmest: 'served up.' 
112. durum holus: 'tough cabbage,' 'half boiled' (Pretor). 
— populi (=plcbis) criforo: 'A coarse, common sieve.' Hence 
p. c. decussa farina, ' coarse-bolted flour,' the panis secundus of 
Horace, Ep., 2, 1, 123, the 'seconds' of the modern miller. 
The ancients were very dainty in this article. The parasite 
in Alciphron (1, 21, 2) expresses his disgust at the dprog b kl 
ayopag. 

114. putre quod hand deceat : The Relative with the Subjunc- 
tive is parallel with the Adjective. G., 439, R Comp. 1, 14. 
Haud deceat, ' it won't do,' ' it won't answer.' — plebeia beta : The 
beet is a vulgar vegetable, Mart., 13, 13 (Jahn). The irony is 
evident, as the beet is proverbially tender. See Dictionaries, s. v. 
betizare. 

115. excussit : Excutere aristas seems to be a vulgar expression, 
like the English 'raise a goose-skin, goose-flesh, duck-flesh.' 



SATIRE IV. 141 

— aristas —pilos. Jahn refers to Vakro, L. L., 6, 49.— timor al- 
bus : See note on Prol., 4. 

116. face supposita: The heart is the caldron and passion 
the fire-brand. 

118. Orestes : the typical madman. 



FOURTH SATIRE. 

The theme of this Satire is contained in the closing verses. It is the 
Apolliuic yvooSi (tuvti'v. Want of self-knowledge is the fault which is 
scourged. The basis is furnished by the Platonic dialogue, known as 
the First Alcibiades, and the characters are the same. The person lect- 
ured under the mask of Alcibiades is a young Roman noble, in whom 
commentators of a certain school have recognized the familiar features 
of Nero. 

Argument. — Socrates is supposed to be addressing Alcibiades. You 
undertake to engage in politics? You rely on your genius, do you? 
What do you know of the norms of right and wrong, you callow young- 
ster? What do you know of the subtle distinctions of casuistry, that 
you undertake to say what is just and what is unjust? You have a 
goodly outside, but that is all, and you are fitter for a course of helle- 
bore than for a career of statesmanship. What is your end and aim in 
life? Dainty dishes and basking in the sunshine? The first old crone 
you meet has the same exalted ideal. Or do you boast of your descent? 
You praise your lineage, you trumpet forth your beauty, just as yon 
market-woman cries up her greens (1-22). 

You do not know yourself. Who knows himself? Every one sees 
his neighbor's faults, no one his own. You sneer at the curmudgeon 
who groans out a health over the sour stuff he gives his laborers on a 
holiday (23-32). And while you make mock at him, some fellow, who 
is standing at your side, nudges you with his elbow, and tells you that 
you are as bad as he, though in another way (33-41). And so we give 
and take punishment. This is our plan of life. We hide our faults from 
ourselves. We get testimonials from our neighbors to impose on our 
own consciences. Awake to righteousness ! Put your goodness to the 
test ! If you yield to the temptation of covetousness, of lust, in vain 
will you drink in the praises of the rabble. Reject what you are not. 
Let Rag, Tag, and Bobtail take away their tributes. Live with your- 
self, and you will find out how scanty is your moral furniture (42-52). 



Jahn regards this Satire as the earliest of the six, and it certainly 
shows even greater immaturity than the others. The well-known indi- 



142 NOTES. 

viduality of Socrates is coarsely handled, the irony lacks the subtle play, 
the mischievous good-nature of the great Athenian; and though the 
glaring anachronisms may be defended by such exemplars as Horace 
(notably in Sat., 2, 5), there is all the difference in the world between 
the sly humor of the older poet, who peeps from behind the Greek mask 
and winks at the Roman audience, and the grim contortions of the 
beardless representative of the bearded master. 

The indecency of a part of the Satire is considered by Teuffel a valid 
objection to the view taken by Jahn, but the imagination of early youth 
and the experience of corrupt old age often meet in disgusting detail, 
and the obscenities of bookish men are among the worst in literature. 
Add to this the peculiar views of the Stoic school as to the corruption 
of the flesh (2, 63), and the consequent Stoic tendency to degrade the 
body by the most contemptuous representations of physical functions, 
and we can the more readily understand how Marcus Antoninus, the 
purest character of his time, should have besmirched his Meditations 
with passages which lack a parallel for their crudity ; and why Persius, 
the poet of virginal life, should have outdone the praegrandis senex of 
Attic comedy in the coarseness of his expressions. 

1-22. Socrates exposes the incompetence of Alcibiades for af- 
fairs of state, his lack of ethical training, his need of a just bal- 
ance, his grovelling views of life, his puerile pride in his ancient 
family and in his handsome face. Socrates and Alcibiades were 
contrasts so tempting that dialogues between them were favorite 
philosophical exercises. 

1. rem populi=m?i puUicam. — tractas? On the form of the 
question, see G., 455 ; A., 71, 1, K. Comp. Plato, Ale. I., p. 106 C : 

Siavoti yap irapisvai aviJij3ov\ev(r(i)v 'ABrjvaioig evrbg ov ttoWov xpovov, 

and further, p. 118 B, and Conv., p. 216 A. — barbatum : The beard 
was the conventional mark of the philosopher in the time of 
Persius ; it is an anachronism in the case of Socrates, who lived 
before shaving was the rule and the beard a badge. However, 
the custom was old in Persius's day, and the slip is slight. So 
Plato's long beard is noticed by Ephippus ap. Athen., 11, p. 509 
C (3, 332 Mein.). Comp. Juv., 14, 12 : larbatos — magistros. — cre« 
de : advertises a want of art. 

2. sorbitio : ' draught,' < dose. 1 So Sen., E. M., 78, 25.— tollit 
=.sustulit. A solitary Historical Present with a relative is harsh 
to us for all the examples and all the commentators. 

3. quo fretus? See 3, 67. Comp. Plato, Ale. I., p. 123 E: ri 



SATIRE IV. 143 

ovv ttot 'iariv ory 7rioreyei to fisipaiciov. — Uiagni piipille Pericli: 
Because Alcibiades owed his start in life to his guardian and 
kinsman Pericles. See Plat., 1. c. p. 104 B. For the form Peri- 
M, see G., 72; A., 11, 1., 4. 

4. scilicet: Ironical, 1, 15; 2, 19. * Of course.' Comp. the 
old ' God wot. 1 — ingeniuni et reruin prudentia : ' wit and wis- 
dom.' Prudentia may be translated 'knowledge,' and rerum 
'world,' 'life,' but not necessarily. See 1, 1. — velox: Predica- 
tive (Schol.), 'have been quick in coming 1 (Conington). 

o. ante pilos : ' before your beard.' ' A contrast with barba- 
tum magistrum ' (Conington), but b. can hardly be used in the same 
breath as the mark of mature years and as the ensign of a phi- 
losopher. — venit: On the number, see G.,281,Exc.2; A.,49,l,&. — 
dicenda tacendaque: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 7, 72— dicenda tacenda 
locutus — for the expression. For the sense, Conington comp. 
AESCHYLUS, Cho., 582 : aiydv oirov 3u Kai Xeyeiv rd Kaipia. In 
Horace it means ' all sorts of things ;' here, ' what you must say, 
what leave unsaid.' 

6. commota fervet bile: Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 13, 4: fervens 
difficili bile tumet iecur. 

7. fert animus: Well-known phrase of Ov., Met., 1, 1. So in 
Greek, cpkpu 6 vovg, r/ yvdofii], r) <j)pi)v. The verse has a stately irony, 
and should have a stately translation. ' The spirit moves you ' 
(Pretor) is degraded to slaug. ' Your bosom's lord biddeth you 
wave a hush profound.'— fecisse : Comp. 1, 91.— silentia: Comp. 
3, 81. 

8. maiestate manus : ' with majestic hand ' (G., 357, R. 2), ' by 
the imposing action of your hand' (Conington). — quid dein- 
de loquere 2 The orator has not considered his speech. ' Now 
that you have got your silence, what have you got to say.' — 
Quirites : Persius drops his Greek. Alcibiades is a mere quin- 
tain. 

9. puta : ' put case,' ' say,' ' for instance,' is an iambic Impera- 
tive, with the ultimate shortened, like cave, vide, etc., 1, 108. 
Hermann gives it to Socrates, which is favored by the sense; 
Jahn and others to Alcibiades, as caricatured by Socrates, which 
is favored by the position. Heinrich reads puto. 

10. scis eteniin, etc. : and (well you may) for you hnow Tww % 

G 



144 NOTES. 

etc. On scis, see 1, 53 ; on etenim, 3, 48. Oomp. Plato, 1. c. 110 
C : (fiov dpa kirioTacrSai Kai itcuq w, wg toace, rd diicaia xai rd ddaca. 
It may be necessary to observe that all this is sarcasm. Coning- 
ton takes it literally, and considers these statements as so many 
concessions. — gemma lance =.geminis lancibus. Comp. Ov., A. 
A., 2, 644 : geminus pes. 

11. ancipitis: 'wavering.' — rectum discernis : 'You can dis- 
tinguish the straight line when it runs among crooked lines on 
either hand — ay, even when your square with twisted leg is 
but a faulty guide.' The straight line is virtue, the crooked 
lines are vices. The difficulty of picking out the right course is 
much enhanced when the rule by which we go is itself warped — 
that is, ' as Casaubon explains it, when justice has to be correct- 
ed by equity.' The regula here is not the regula of 5, 38, but the 
norma, or carpenter's square. 

13. potis es: See 1, 56.— theta : e, the initial of Sdvarog, was 
the mark of condemnation used in the time of Persius, instead 
of the older C (condemno). It was also employed in epitaphs, in 
army lists, and the like, for ' deceased.' Translate ' black mark.' 

14. quin desinis: See 2, 71. — tu: The elision of the monosyl- 
lable is harsh (Jahn). See 1, 51. 66. 131. — igitur : 'If all this is 
so, why then — .' Comp. the indignant igitur (tira) of 1, 98. — 
summa pelle decorus: Hor., Ep., 1, 16, 45: Introrsus turpem, 
speciosum pelle decora. — nequiquam: 'because you can not im- 
pose on me.' Comp. 3, 30 (Conington). 

15. ante diem: 'before your time.' — hlando caudam iactare 
popello : Casaubon thinks that a peacock is meant, Jahn suggests 
a horse. The Scholiast says that the image is that of a (pet) dog. 
Pelle decorus would not apply to the peacock, nor very well to 
the horse. It does apply to Alcibiades as the lion's whelp of 
Aristoph., Ran., 1431. Comp. the famous description in Ae- 
schyl., Agam., 725 (Dindorf). The comparison of politicians with 
lions is found also in Plato, Gorg., 483 E. The only difficulty 
lies in blando popello, but petting implies blanditiae on both sides. 
' The dog fawns on those who caress him ' (Conington). — popello: 
contemptuously, 6, 50 ; Hor., Ep., 1, 7, 65. 

16. Anticyras : There were two towns of that name, one on 
the Maliac Gulf, the other in Phocis ; both famous for their hel- 



SATIRE IV. 145 

lebore, but especially the latter. The town for its product, after 
the pattern of Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 83 ; A. P., 300 (Jahn). The Plural 
is the familiar poetic exaggerative. — meracas: 'undiluted,' 
'without a drop of water.' Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 137 : expulit hellSoro 
morbum bilemque meraco. On the use of hellebore as a prepara- 
tive for philosophy, comp. the well-known experience of Chrysip- 
pus : ov Ssfiig yeveoSai <ro(p6v, r]V p) rpig i(f>a£i]<; rov iXXeflopov iriyg, Lu- 

ciAN,Vit. Auct., 23 (1, 564 R).— melior sorbere = gui melius sor- 
beres (comp. quo graves Persae melius perirent, Hor., Od., 1, 2, 22). 

17. sum ma boni = summum bonum. — imcta patella : ' rich dish- 
es.' Comp. 3, 102. The reference to a sacrificial dish (3, 26) is 
less likely. As the character of Alcibiades is not kept up with 
any care by Persius, it is hardly worth while to note that he 
was a most sensitive gourmet, as is shown by the curious anecdote, 
Teles ap. Stob., Flor., 5, 67.— vMsse: The Perfect with inten- 
tion. G., 275, 1 ; A., 58, 11, e. ' To have the satisfaction ofliav- 
ing Iked on the daintiest fare,' so that you may say when you 
come to die, mxi dum mxi bene. Comp. Sen., Ep., 23, 10 : Id 
agendum est ut satis vixerimus. 

18. curata cuticula sole : with reference to the apricatio or in- 
solatio. Comp. Juv., 11, 203 : nostra bibat vernum contractu cuti- 
cula solem. What was a matter of hygiene became a matter of 
luxury. The sun-cure has been revived of late years. Curare 
cuticulam x cutem, pelliculam is commonly used of ' good living ' 
generally, ' taking very good care of one's dear little self.' See 
Hor., Ep., 1, 2, 29. 4, 15; Sat., 2, 5, 38; Juv., 2, 105. — haec: 
Sslktlkojq. — i nunc : ' IrHdentis vel exprobrantis formula] Jahn, who 
gives an overwhelming list of examples (comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 
17 ; 2, 2, 76). The usage requires it to be connected with suffla. 
' Go on, then, and blow as you have been blowing.' Suffla in 
this sense is quite as ' low ' as our Americanism. Persius has 
the aristocrat's contempt for superfine language, and by a natu- 
ral reaction falls, not unfrequently, into slang. Jahn compares 5, 
13 and 3, 27, and the Greek proverbial expression <pv<r$ yap ov 
GfiiKpoXaiv avX'ujicoig 'i-rru Add Menand., fr. 296 (4, 157 Mein.) : oloi 
XaXovfxsv ovtsq ol TpicraSXioi \ U7ravrec oi (pv<ra>vreg e<p' tavrolg 
fieya. ' Mouth it out ' (Conington), ' spout it out ' (Macleane). 

20. Dinoinaclies : The mother of Alcibiades came of the great 



146 NOTES. 

house of the Alcmaeonidae, and it was to her that he owed his 
connection with Pericles. The Gen. without filius (G., 360, R. 
3; A., 50, 1, b) is rare in the predicate. — candidus =pulcher. 
Comp. 3, 110. The beauty of Alcibiades is well known, Plat., 
1. c. p. 104 A. — esto : dtv ; an ironical concession. 

21. dum ne: Comp. G., 575; A., 61, 3. Final sentences are 
often elliptical (comp. note on 1, 4). ' Only you must admit that,' 
etc. ; ' dum ne neges deterius sapere.' 1 — pannncia : Here not ' rag- 
ged,' but 'shrivelled.' Comp. Mart., 11, 46, 3. — Baucis: The 
name is copied from the Baucis of Ovid, Met., 8, 640, the wife of 
Philemon, the Joan of the antique Darby ; a poor woman, who 
had a patch of vegetables. The anicula quae agreste holus vende- 
bat, in Petron., 6, is a similar figure. 

22. bene : with discincto, according to Jahn, who compares bene 
mime, 1,111. Mr. Pretor says that if thus combined, ' bene is weak 
and adds nothing to the picture.' He forgets that there is such a 
thing as being male discinctus. Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 132 : dis- 
cincta tunica fugiendum est ac pede nudo. If bene is combined 
with cantawrit, it must be used in its mercantile sense with ven- 



?, cantare being equivalent to cantando vend ere. ' When she 
lias cried off her herbs at a good figure.' — discincto Teniae : Ver- 
na, of itself a synonym for all that is saucy and pert, is heighten- 
ed by discinctus, for which see 3, 31. — ocima: 'basil,' 'water- 
cress,' or what not, stands for ' greens ' generally. Jahn thinks 
that it was an aphrodisiac, referring to Eubul., fr. 53 (3, 229 
Mein.). Persitjs, as we have seen, delights in picturesque de- 
tail, and his comparisons must not be pressed. Alcibiades cries 
his wares, just as the herb-seller cries hers. So the 'apple- 
woman ' or ' orange-girl ' in modern times might be selected as 
the standard of a rising politician, hawking his wares from 
hustings to hustings, from stump to stump. The far-fetched in- 
terpretation that ocima cantare = convicia ingerere, because, as 
Pltny tells us (19, 7), ' basil is to be sown with curses,' may be 
mentioned as a specimen of the way in which the text of our 
author has been smothered by learning. 

23-41. The satire becomes more general. No one tries to 
know his own faults ; each has his eyes fixed on his neighbor's 
short-comings. Take some rich skinflint, and, as soon as he is 



SATIKE IV. 147 

mentioned, the details of his meanness will be spread before us. 
And yet you are as great a sinner in a different direction. Comp. 
M. ANTON., 7, 71 : yeXolov fori rr)v fiev ifi'iav Kaiziav fir) (pevytiv o /cat 
dvvarov ian, rrjv Sk tuiv dXXiov (pevyeiv oirtp dfivvarov. 

23. Ut: how. — in sese descendere: 'go down into his own 
heart.' The thought is simply noscere se ipsum. The heart is a 
depth, a well, a cellar, a sea. This is not the recede in te ipsum 
quantum potes of Sen., Ep., 7, 8. Comp. M. Anton., 4, 3. Still 
less is it Mr. Pretor's ' enter the lists against yourself,' which 
would make ' self at once the arena and the antagonist. 

24. spectatur : The positive (quisque) must be supplied from 
the preceding negative. Comp. G., 446, R. ; M., 462 b. — nianti- 
ca : According to the familiar fable of Aesop (Phaede., 4, 10), 
each man carries two wallets. The one which holds his own 
faults is carried on his back ; the other, which contains his neigh- 
bor's, hangs down over his breast. Comp. Catull., 22, 21 : seel 
non videmus manticae quod in tergo est. Peesius reduces the 
two wallets to one. Each man's knapsack of faults is open to 
the inspection of all save himself. 

25. quaesieris: G., 250; A., 60, 2, o; epoir dv rig. Peesius 
gets away from Socrates and Alcibiades into a land of shadowy 
second persons. One of these is supposed to ask another wheth- 
er he knows a certain estate. The casual question leads to a 
caustic characteristic of the owner, which is interrupted by an- 
other indefinite character, who quotes an ignotus aliquis, and the 
general impression at the close is that every body is violently 
preached at except the son of Dinomache, with whom we started. 
— Tettidi: With the characteristic of Vettidius, comp. Hoeace's 
Avidienus (cui canis cognomen, Sat., 2, 2, 55), and the aveXevSepog 
and the fimpoXoyog of Theopheastus. 

26. Curious : in the land of the Sabines, the land of frugal 
habits. Comp. 6, 1. — miluus errat: So Jahn (1868). Miluus is 
trisyllabic, as in Hoe., Epod., 16, 31. Hermann, oberrat; Jahn 
(1843), dberret. The expression is proverbial : quantum milvi vo- 
lant, Peteon., 37. Comp. Juv., 9, 55. 

27. dis iratis genioque sinistro: Comp. Hoe., Sat,, 2, 3, 8 : ira- 
tis natus paries dis atquepoetis. A substantive expression of qual- 
ity without a common noun is rare in Latin as in English (M., 



148 NOTES. 

287, Obs. 3), but not limited in time. See Drager, Histor. Syn- 
tax, § 226. ' The aversion of the gods and at war with his 
genius,' his ' second self,' who ' delights in good living,' quia 
genius lautevivendo gaudere putabatur (Jahn). 

28. quandoque = quandommque, as Hon., Od., 4, 1, 17. 2, 34. — 
]iertus3L=pervia, according to Jahn; 'roads and thoroughfares' 
(Conington) ; = calcata, trita, Heinr., which seems more natural. 
— COinpita : ' The compitalia is meant. Comp. Cato, R. R., 5, 4 : 
Rem divinam nisi compitalibus in compito [vilicus] nefaciat. It 
was one of the feriae conceptivae, held in honor of the Lares 
compitales on or about the 2d of January. It is said to have 
been instituted by Servius Tullius, and restored by Augustus 
(Suet., Aug., 31), and was observed with feasting. Comp. Cato, 
R. R., 5, 7, and uncta compitalia. Anthol. Lat., 2, 246, 27 B. n. 
105, 27 M.' So Pretor, after Jahn. With com-pit-a comp. Greek 
7rar-oe, path. — figit : The suspension of the yoke symbolizes the 
suspension of labor. The yoke stands for the plough as well, 
Tibull., 2, 1, 5. 

29. metuens deradere: See 1, 47. Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 4, 80 : 
met u en t is redd ere soldum. — liiuum : 'the dirt' on the jar. 
Comp. sive grams veteri craterae limus adhaesit, Hor., Sat., 2,4, 
80. The Scholiast understands ' the seal.' 

30. hoc bene sit: The formula in drinking a health. Comp. 
Platjt., Pers., 5, 1, 20. Here used also as a kind of grace. — 
tunicatum | caepe : tvo\v\ottov Kpofipvov (Casaubon). Tunicatum 
caepe, 'bulbous or coated onion,' as opposed to the sectile porrum, 
or ' chives' (Pretor). It may be going too far to exclude epitheta 
ornantia from Persius, but he certainly uses them sparingly. 
Tunicatum is commonly understood to mean ' skin and all,' as we 
say of a potato, 'jacket and all.' Comp. Jtjv., 14, 153 : tunicam 
milii malo lupini. But as the skin of an onion is not very ' filling,' 
and as tunica may be used in the sense of ' coat ' or ' layer,' the 
slight change to tunicatim — ' layer by layer ' — has suggested it- 
self to me. It is not a whit more exaggerated than Juvenal's 
filaque sectivi numerata includere porri (14, 133). 

31. farrata olla: 'porridge pot of spelt,' an every-day meal 
with others, holiday fare with these unfortunates, hence plauden- 
tibus. The Abl. of Cause. Farratam ollam (Jahn [1843] and 









SATIRE IV. 149 

Hermann) may be defended by Stat., Silv., 5, 3, 140 (cited by 
Jahn) : fratrem plausere TJierapnae, but there is danger of the 
miser's eating it. 

32. pannosam : ' mothery.' Every word tells. It is not wine, 
but vinegar ; it is not even good vinegar, but vinegar that is get- 
ting flat ; it is not even clear vinegar, but the lees of vinegar ; 
and not even honest lees, but mothery lees. — morientis : ' Dying 
vinegar ' is not so familiar to us as ' dead wines.' Comp. Mart., 
1,18,8. — aceti: Comp. faece rubentis aceti, Mart., 11, 56, 7. 

33. Picture of a sensualist. — flgas in cute solem: El\r)$epali>, 
' fix the sun in your skin,' ' let the sun's rays pierce your skin,' 
instead of bibere, combibere solem, Juv., 11, 203 (quoted above, v. 
18), and Mart., 10, 12, 7 ; or the more prosaic sole uti, Mart., 1, 
77,4. 

34. cubito tangat: an immemorial familiarity. Examples 
range from HotfER, Od., 14, 485 to Aristaen., 1, 19, 27. Per- 
sius has in mind Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 42: nonne vides (oliquis cubito 
stmitem prope tang ens) inquiet, etc. 

35. acre | despuat : ' empty acrid spittle,' sc. on you. Others 
read in mores with Jahn (1843). Jahn (1868) reads with Her- 
mann, Hi mores. Of course it is impossible to analyze this spit- 
tle, which flows to the end of v. 41. See the Introduction to the 
Satire. ' Persium^ as Quiktiliak says of Horace, in quibusdam 
nolim interpretari (1, 8, 6). This is one of the passages that 
called down on our author the rebuke of that verecund gentle- 
man Pierre Bayle : Les Satires de Perse sont devergondees. 

42-52. Such is life. We hit and are hit in turn. We disguise 
our faults — our vulnera mtae — even from ourselves, and appeal to 
that common jade, common fame, for a certificate of health. 
But temptation reveals the corruption within. You are guilty 
of avarice, lust, swindling, and the praises of the mob are of no 
moment. Be yourself. Examine yourself, and know how scant- 
ily furnished you are. 

42. caedimus, etc.: Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 97: caedimur et totidem 
plagis consumimus liostem (Casaubon). The resemblance here, as 
often elsewhere, is merely verbal, as in Horace 'the passage of 
arms is a passage of compliments ' (Conington). — praehemus : 
' expose,' ' present.' 



150 NOTES. 

43. vivitur hoc pacto : Negatively expressed non aliter vivitur. 
In other words : Tiaec est conditio vivendi, Hoe,,, Sat., 2, 8, 65, which 
Casaubon compares. ' These are the terms, this the rule of life.' — 
sic novimus — notum est (Jahn). ' So we have learned it.' ' This 
is its lesson.' — ilia subter: G., 414, R. 3. The danger of the 
wound is well known. 

44. caecum : ' hidden.' — lato balteus auro : The baldric cov- 
ered the groin, and was often ornamented with bosses of gold. 
Comp. VEita., Aen., 5, 312: lato quam circumplectitur auro] 
balteus. This broad gold belt is the symbol of wealth and rank. 

45. ut mavis t Ironical. Hon., Sat., 1, 4, 21. — da verba: 
Comp. 3, 19. — decipe nervos: ' cheat your muscle,' ' cheat your- 
self into the belief that you are sound ;' and certainly self-decep- 
tion seems to be required by the context. Otherwise decipe ner- 
vos might be considered as equivalent to mentire robur,pro sano te 
iacta, sanum tejinge. 

47. non credam? G., 455 ; A., 71, 1, R — inprobe: The inpro- 
bus is hard-headed as well as hard-hearted. Comp. plorantesque 
inproba natos — reliquit, Juv., 6, 86. 

48. amarum : Jahn reads amorum in his ed. of 1843, but was 
sorry for it. In 1868 he reads amarum, and punctuates so as to 
throw it into the grave of the next line. 

49. si puteal : A versus conclamatus (Jahn). The old explana- 
tion makes this passage refer to exorbitant usury. The puteal 
here meant is supposed to be the one mentioned by Hor., Sat., 
2, 6, 13 — the puteal Libonis, situated near the praetor's tribunal, 
and on that account a favorite haunt of usurers, who would nat- 
urally have frequent occasion to appear in court. Comp. the 
poplar-tree, which was the rendezvous of a certain 'ring' of con- 
tractors in Athens, Andoc, 1, 133. Local allusions of this kind 
are the despair of commentators ; the puteal is, after all, as mys- 
terious as a ' corner ' to the uninitiated, and we can only gather 
that puteal fiagellare is slang for some recondite swindling proc- 
ess, which required a certain amount of knowingness (hence 
cautus). Conington renders, 'flog the exchange with many a 
stripe.' We may Americanize by ' clean out, thrash out Wall 
Street.' The Neronians, Casaubon. at their head, understand the 
passage as referring to Nero's habit of going out at night in dis- 



SATIKE V. 151 

guise and maltreating people in the street — see T AC, Ann., 13, 
25 ; Suet., Nero, 26 — and cautus is supposed to allude to the 
measures which he took for. his personal safety. 

50. foibulas donaveris aures : The student is by this time fa- 
miliar with Peksius's way of hammering a familiar figure into 
odd shapes. If ears drink in, then ears are thirsty ; if they are 
thirsty, then they tipple ; and if you can give ear, you can bestow 
ears. ' In vain would you have given up your thirsty ears to be 
drenched by the praises of the mob.' Donaveris, Perf. Subj., \ia- 
Tt)v Trape<rxr]KujQ av ur}g to. u>ra. Future ascertainment of a com- 
pleted action. G., 271, 2. 

51. cerdo : KgjocW, a plebeian proper name. Conington trans- 
lates by the ' Hob and Dick ' of Shakspe are's Coriolanus. The 
common rendering, ' cobbler,' is a false inference from Mabt., 3, 
59,1; 99,1. 

52. tecum habita: Comp. 1, 7. — noris: The punctuation of 
all the editors makes noris an Imperative Subjunctive. Still a 
kind of condition is involved = si habites, noris. G-., 594, 4 ; A., 60, 
1, o. One of the most threadbare quotations from Latin poetry. 



FIFTH SATIRE. 

The theme of the Fifth Satire is the Stoic doctrine of True Liberty. 
All men are slaves except the philosopher, and Persius has learned to 
be a philosopher — thanks to Cornutus, to whom the Satire is addressed. 
Compare and contrast Horace's handling of a like subject in Sat., 2, 3. 
In Teuffel's commentary on his translation of this Satire, the matter is 
briefly summed up in these words: Horace is an artist, Bersius a 
preacher. See Introd., xxvi. Comp. also Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 46 seqq. 

Argument. — Persius speaks : Poets have a way of asking for a hun- 
dred mouths, a hundred tongues, whether the theme be tragedy or epic. 
— Cornutus : A hundred mouths, a hundred tongues ! What do you 
want with them ? Or, for that matter, with a hundred gullets either, 
to worry down the tragic diet which other poets affect. You do not 
pant like a bellows, nor croak like a jackdaw, nor strain your cheeks to 
bursting in the high epic fashion. Your language is to be the language 
of every-day life, to which you are to give an edge by skilful combina- 
tion. Your utterance is modest, and your art is shown in rasping the 
unhealthy body of the age, and in impaling its faults with high-bred 

G2 



152 NOTES. 

raillery. Be such your theme. Let others sup full with tragic horrors, 
if they will. Do you know nothing beyond the frugal luncheon of our 
daily food (1-18). 

Persius : It is not my aim to have my pages swollen with l Bubbles 
from the Brunuen of Poesy.' We are alone, far from the madding 
crowd, and I may throw open my heart to you, for I would have you 
know how great a part of my soul you are. Knock at the w 7 alls of my 
heart, for you are skilful to distinguish the solid from the hollow, to 
tell the painted stucco of the tongue from the strong masonry of the soul. 
To this end I fain would ask— and ask until I get— a hundred voices, to 
show how deeply I have planted you in my heart of hearts ; to tell you 
all that is past telling in my inmost being (19-29). When first the purple 
garb of boyhood withdrew its guardianship, and the amulet — no longer 
potent — was hung up, an offering to the old-fashioned household gods, 
when all about me humored me, and when the dress of manhood per- 
mitted my eyes to rove at will through the Subura with all its wares 
and wiles, what time the youth's path is doubtful, and bewilderment, 
ignorant of life, brings the excited mind to the spot where the great 
choice of roads is to be made — in that decisive hour I made myself son 
to you, and you took me, Cornutus, to your Socratic heart. Where my 
character was warped, the quiet application of the rule of right straight- 
ened what in me was crooked. My mind was constrained by reason, 
wrestled with its conqueror, and took on new features under your form- 
ing hand. How I remember the long days I spent with you, the first- 
fruits of the festal nights I plucked with you. Our work, our rest we 
ordered both alike, and the strain of study was eased by the pleasures of 
a modest table (30-44). Nay, never doubt that there is a harmony be- 
tween our stars. Our constellation is the Balance or the Twins. The 
same aspect rules our nativities. Some star, be that star what it may, 
blends my fate with yours (45-51). 

We are attuned each to other; but look abroad, and see how different 
men are from us and from each other. Each has his own aims in life. 
One .is bant on active merchandise, one is given up to sluggish sleep, 
another is fond of athletic sports. One is drained dry by dicing, anoth- 
er by chambering and wantonness ; but when the chalk-stones of gout 
rattle among their fingers and toes, they awake to the choke-damp and 
the foggy light in which they have spent their days, and mourn too late 
their wasted life (52-61). 

But you delight to wax pale over nightly studies. A tiller of the hu- 
man soul, you prepare the soil, and sow the field of the ear with the pure 
grain of Stoic wisdom. Hence seek, young and old, an aim for your 
higher being, provision for your hoary head (62-65). 

' Hoary head, you say ?' interposes an objector. ' That can be provided 
for as well to-morrow.' To-morrow! 'Next day the fatal precedent 



SATIRE V. 153 

will plead.' Another to-morrow comes, and we have used up yester- 
day's to-morrow, and so our days are emptied one by one. To-morrow ! 
It is always ahead of us, as the hind wheel can never overtake the front 
wheel, though both be in the self-same chariot (66-72). 

The remedy for this and all the other ills of life is True Liberty — not 
such as gives a dole of musty meal, a soup-house ticket to the new-made 
citizen ; not such as makes a tipsy slave free in the twinkling of an eye. 
Now Dama is a worthless groom, and would sell himself for a handful 
of provender. Anon he is set free, as you call it — becomes Marcus Dama. 
Excellent surety ! Most excellent judge ! If Marcus says it is so, it is 
so. Your sign and seal here, good Marcus. Pah ! This is the liberty 
that manumission gives. Up speaks Marcus : 'Well! Who is free ex- 
cept the man that can do as he pleases? I can do as I please. Aryal 
I am free as air.'—' Not so,' says your learned Stoic. ' Your logic is at 
fault. I grant the rest, but I demur to the clause "as you please.'" 
— 'The praetor's wand made me my own man. May I not do what I 
please, if I offend not against the statute-book?' (73-90). 

' Do what you please !' cries Peksius, who identifies himself with the 
Stoic philosopher. ' Stop just there and learn of me ; but first cease to 
be scornful, and let me get these old wives' notions out of your head.' 
The praetor could not teach you any thing about the conduct of life 
with all its perplexities. As well expect a man to teach an elephant to 
dance the tight-rope. Eeason bars the wa3*,and whispers, "You must not 
do what you will spoil in the doing." This is nature's law, the law of 
common-sense. You mix medicine, and know nothing of scales and 
weights? You, a clodhopper, and undertake to pilot a ship ? Absurd, 
you say ; and yet what do you know of life ? How can you walk upright 
without philosophy ? How can you tell the ring of the genuine metal, 
and detect the faulty sound of the base alloy? Do you know what to 
seek, what to avoid, what to mark with white, what with black? Can 
you control your wishes, moderate your expenses, be indulgent to your 
friends ? Do you know how to save and how to spend ? Can you keep 
your mouth from watering at the sight of money, from burning at the 
taste of ginger? When you can say in truth, "All this is mine," then 
you are truly free. But if you retain the old man under the new title, I 
take back all that I have granted. You can do nothing that is right. 
Every action is a fault. Put forth your finger— you sin. There is not a 
half-ounce of virtue in your silly carcass. You must be all right or all 
wrong. Man is one. You can not be virtuous by halves. You can not 
be at once a ditcher and a dancer. You are a slave still, though the 
praetor's wand may have waved away your bonds. You do not tremble 
at a master's voice, 'tis true, but there are other masters than those 
whom the law recognizes. The wires that move you do not jerk you 
from without, but masters grow up within your bosom ' (91-131). 



154 NOTES. 

Here the dialogue is dropped. We leave Dama, whose personality has 
been getting fainter all the time, and are treated to a series of more or 
less dramatic scenes in illustration of the Ruling Passions. 

So Avarice and Luxury dispute about the body and soul of an un-Stoic 
slave (132-160). 

A Lover tries to break the chain that binds him to an unworthy mis- 
tress (161-175). 

Another is led captive by Ambition at her will (176-179). 

Yet another is under the dominion of Superstition (180-188). 

But why discourse thus ? Imagine what the military would say to such 
a screed of doctrine. I hear the horse-laugh of Pulfennius, as he bids a 
clipped dollar for a hundred Greek philosophers— a cent apiece (189-191). 



This Satire is justly considered by many critics the best of all the pro- 
ductions of Persius, as it is the least obscure. The warm tribute to his 
master Cornutus may have had its share in commending the poem to 
teachers, who, of all men, are most grateful for gratitude. But apart 
from this revelation of a pure and loving heart, the peculiar talent of 
Persius, which consists in vivid portraiture of character and situation, 
appears to great advantage in this composition. True, the introduction 
is not wrought into the poem, and the poet's discourse is too distinct- 
ly a Stoic school exercise, and reminiscence crowds on reminiscence, but 
there is a certain movement in the Satire, or Epistle, as it were better 
called, which carries us on over the occasional rough places, without 
the perpetual jolt which we feel every where else on the ' corduroy road ' 
of Persius 1 s Graclus ad Par?iassum. 

1-4. Persius: Oh for a hundred voices, a hundred mouths, a 
hundred tongues ! 

1. Yatibus hie mos est : Comp. Hon., Sat., 1, 2, 86 : regibus hie 
mos est. Vatibus, with a sneer. See Prol., 7. — centum sibi pos- 
cere yoces : Examples might be multiplied indefinitely from Ho- 
mer to Charles Wesley. Comp. II., 2, 489 : ovd' d fxoi deica pkv 
yXuKTcrai, deica tie vtoj-iclt eiev ; and Verg., Aen., 6, 625 : rum miJii 
si linguae centum sint oraque centum; also Georg., 2, 43; Ov., 
Met., 8, 532. Conington burlesques the passage by translating 
poscere ' put in a requisition for,' and optare ' bespeak.' By such 
devices humor of a certain kind might be extracted from elegies, 
and Vergil be made ' to put in a requisition for Quintilius at 
the Bureau of the Gods,' Hor., Od., 1, 24, 12. 

3. seu ponatur : The mood after seu — seu is determined on 



SATIRE V. 155 

general principles (A., 61, 4, c). In practice, however, the In- 
dicative is more common (G-., 597, K. 4). The Subjunctive is to 
be explained by G., 666 (see last example), and A., 66, 2. — pona- 
tur =proponatur (Cic, Tusc. Dis., 1, 4, 7). Comp. Suvai, Bemg. 
Jahn understands it as ponere lucum, 1, 70, posuisse Jiguras, 1, 86. 
Perhaps there is a play on the different senses of ponere. ' Serve up ' 
would not be bad in view of vv. 9, 10. — hi a ml a : ' To be spouted 
by some doleful actor.' ' Hianda has reference to the tragic mask, 
in which a wide aperture was cut for the mouth, to facilitate a 
distinct enunciation. From the appearance presented by the 
speaker, it soon came to be used of a bombastic style of utterance. 
Comp. carmen hi a re, Prop., 2, 31, 6, and grande Sophocleo carmen 
lacchamur hiatu, Juv., 6, 636.' Pretor, after Jahn. 

4. yulnera Parthi s Is Parthi object or subject ? The passage 
is a reminiscence of Hon., Sat., 2, 1, 15 : aut labentis equo descri- 
lat vulnera Parthi. If Parthi is the object, an interpretation 
which is favored by the Horatian passage and by the propriety 
of the epic theme — for why should a Roman enlarge upon the 
wounds that the Parthian deals? — ducentis ad inguine ferrum 
must be rendered ' drawing the dart from his groin.' Still ab is 
not a suitable preposition, nor can it be defended by such ex- 
pressions as dacere suspiria ab imo pectore, Ov., Met., 10, 402. Oth- 
ers think of 'trailing the shaft from his groin,' in which it had 
been imbedded. Comp. v. 160 : a collo trahitur pars longa catenae. 
If Parthi is the subject, translate, ' The Parthian who draws the 
arrow from [the quiver] near his groin.' The Eastern nations 
wore the quiver low, the Greeks upon the shoulder. This line 
refers to epic poetry as the preceding to tragedy. 

5-18. Cornutcs : What need have you of a hundred mouths ? 
You have no foolish tragedy to cram, no big epics to mouth. 
Your simple satire demands a simple style, the talk of every day, 
only better put. Your business is to scourge and pierce, and yet 
remember that you are a gentleman. Let these themes suffice 
you, and leave to others the stage-horrors of cannibalic feasts; 
yourself content with the pot-luck of the Roman cit. 

5. Quorsum haec: Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 21. — aut: G., 460, 
R. ; A., 71, 2. — rohusti carminis offas : ' dumplings of substan- 
tial poetry,' ' lumps of solid poetry ' (Conington). Offa is a 



156 NOTES. 

dumpling of meal or flesh. Gomp. Apul., Met., 1, 3, on the choki- 
ness of a certain polentae caseatae offula grandior. 

6. ingeris : ' cram.' The whole passage is intended to be 
coarse. ' What great gobbets of stuffing song are you cramming 
yourself with, that you require a hundred throats to strain them 
down V Others- understand : ingeris sc. populo. See v. 177. — 
centeno gVLttvre = centum gutturibus. So centena arbore, Vekg., 
Aen., 10, 207 (Conington). 

7. grander See 1, 14.— locuturi : See 1, 100.— nebulas: Jahn 
is reminded of Hon., A. P., 230 : nubes et inania captet. Observe 
that legunto suggests the culinary figure below. The mists repre- 
sent the vegetables, Procne and Thyestes furnish the meat. — He- 
licone : See Prologue. Peesius is as intensely Roman in poetic 
practice as he is Greek in philosophic theory. — legunto: The 
Imperative, instead of the Subjunctive, gives the tone of an edict 
or of a cookery-book. 

8. Prognes— Thyestae : See Classical Dictionaries for the fa- 
miliar myths. Observe the balance. Procne served up her son, 
Thyestes made a dinner off his. Both are common tragic themes. 
See Hon., A. P., 91. 186-187.— olla fervebit: ' Who are going to 
set Thyestes's pot a-boiling ' (Conington). 

9. Glyconi : Glyco was a stupid actor of the day, who could 
not understand a joke. The Neronians have made the most of 
the fact, as reported by the Scholiast, that G-. was manumitted 
by Nero, who paid his half-owner Vergilius 300,000 sesterces for 
his share. So, for instance, Lehmann (Be A. Persii Satira Quinta, 
p. 17), who has nosed out all manner of subtle Neronian flavors 
in this innocent satire. — cenanda : Comp. 3, 46. 

10. coquitur dum : When the action with dum, ' while,' is co- 
extensive with the action in the leading clause, the limit may be 
expressed by until, ' while it is smelting ' == ' until it is smelted ' — 
massa : See note on 2, 67. 

ll.folle: The wind is squeezed 'with' or 'in' the bellows 
rather than ' from ' the bellows. The Scholiast notices the Hora- 
tian reminiscence, Sat., 1, 4, 19: at hi conclusas Mrcinis follibus 
auras \ usque laborantes, dum ferrum molliat ignis \ ut mavis, imi- 
tare. Comp. also Juv., 7, 111: tunc immensa cavi spirant menda- 
■cmfolles. — nee elauso murmure, etc. : ' Nor with pent-up mur- 



SATIRE V. 157 

mur croak to yourself until you are hoarse some solemn non- 
sense.' 

13. scloppo: So Jahn (1868), instead of stloppo (1843). This 
is supposed to be a word coined to express the sound (comp. 
bombis, 1, 99). Conington renders 'plop.' Yanicek records it 
under skar, S. 183, and it may well be the 'slap' with which 
the distended cheeks are reduced, and hence the 'plop 1 which is 
heard. The childish trick may be witnessed wherever there are 
children. Persius multiplies absurd and meaningless noises 
without any sharp distinction. 

14. verlba togae i ' the language of every-day life.' The fahu- 
la togata is Koman comedy, as opposed to the fabula praetexta, or 
Roman tragedy, and to the /. palliata, the subjects of which were 
Greek. Persius insists on the connection of the national satire 
with the national comedy, and the scanty remains of the fabula 
togata deserve close comparison.— sequeris == sectaris. Prol., 11. 
— acri iunctura : ' nice grouping,' ' telling combination.' The 
words are familiar, but the setting is new. Comp. Hor., A. P., 
47: notum si callida verbum \ reddiderit iunctura novum; and 
242: tantum series iuncturaque pollet \ tantum de medio sum- 
ptis accedit honoris. An important passage, as showing the in- 
tense self-consciousness of the poet's art. 

15. ore teres modico : Jahn comp. ore rotundo, Hor., A. P., 323. 
The mouth stands for the style, and the position of the mouth 
symbolized the utterance (ore magis quam labris loquendum est, 
Quint., 11, 3, 81). Teres as in Cic, De Orat., 3, 52, 199 : est [ora- 
tio] et plena quaedam sed tamen teres et tenuis, nonsine nerms etvi- 
ribus. ' A moderate rounding of the cheek ' (Conington) ; but al- 
though in view of v. 13 it would be desirable to retain the figure, 
it is hardly possible. ' With smooth and compassed tone.' As 
teres ore — ore modico, Hermann (L. P., II., 46) comp. Ov., Fast., 6, 
425: lucoque obscurus opaco. — pallentis mores : The 'spirit of 
the age ' is also the ' body of the age.' Hence the figure. ' Pale ' 
with disease and vice (comp. 4, 47), ' guilty.'— radere : Comp. 1, 
107. 

16. ingenuo ludo : ( with high-bred raillery,' ' with raillery 
that a gentleman may speak and hear.' Persius has in mind 
Evrpa-rrsXia, the 7ra7raidevfisvi] vfBpig of ARISTOTLE, Rhet., 2, 12, as 



158 NOTES. 

Conington suggests. — defigere: Variously explained. So 'post 
up,' ' placard ' (Casaubon) ; ' pin to the ground ' (Conington) ; 
' pierce,' like an arrow (Jahn) ; ' sting,' like a hornet, as in Ov., 
Fast., 3, 753 : milia crdbronum coeunt et vertice nudo, | spicula de- 
figunt oraque summa notant. Comp. the use oifigere, 3, 80. 

17. hinc : From every-day life. Konig compares Hon., A. P., 
318 : vivas Mnc dueere voces. — quae dicis : So Jahn (1868), after 
the best MSS. In 1843 we find diesis, which is more natural, but 
not necessary. — Mycenis : Dative, far more forcible than the lo- 
cative Ablative. Jahn comp. Prol., 5 : illis relinquo, a reading 
which he afterward abandoned. See G., 344, R. 3. 

18. cum eapite et pedihuss served up to Thyestes after he 
had finished his dinner. Comp. Aeschyl., Ag., 1594; Sen., 
Thyest., 764. — plebeia prandia : Your theme is ' human nature's 
daily-food,' not the heroic suppers of ' raw-head and bloody-bones' 
that teach us nothing. Mensa is contrasted with prandia (comp. 
Seneca's sine mensa prandium, cited 1, 67) as 'banquet' with 
'meal,' "TafeV with ' Tisch: 

19-29. Persius : You understand my aims. I do not care to 
swell my page with frothy nonsense. And now that we are 
alone, I desire you to examine my heart, that you may see how 
you are enshrined in it — a theme for which I might well desire a 
hundred voices. 

19. equidem: Here in accordance with common usage. See 
1, 110. — Ibullatis nugis: 'air-blown trifles' (Gifford). Bullatis: 
so Jahn (1868) with Hermann. The reading of the oldest MSS., 
ptdlatis, ' sad colored,' explained now as ' tragic stuff' (because 
mourners were pullati) ; now as stuff for the groundlings '(be- 
cause the common people were pullati), is scarcely tenable. 
Ampullatis, Jahn's conjecture, though defended by Lachmann 
(Lucret., 6, 1067), is metrically bad ; but the sense is excellent, 
and the reference would be to a passage which Persius must 
have had in his mind. Hor., A. P., 97 : proieit ampulla 8 et ses- 
quipedalia veroa. Even Thyestes is mentioned in the context, 
1. c. 91. Bidlatis, 'bubbly.' Hermann (L.P., I., 32) comp. alata 
avis, and makes oullatis refer to tumorem et inanem veroorum stre- 
pitum. 

20. dare pondus fnmo: Casaubon comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 42: 






SATIKE V. 159 

nvgis add ere pondus. Horace uses the expression in the sense 
of ' attaching importance.' Persius means that these trifles are 
fitted to lend importance, to give seeming substance to mere va- 
pors. Fumusis a synonym for ' humbug.' On dare idonea=iido- 
nea quae det, see G., 424, R. 4 ; A., 57, 8,/. 

22. excutienda : See 1, 49. But the figure changes below, or 
there is a figure within a figure, the heart being compared to a 
wall, the wall to a dress. On the construction, see G., 431 ; A., 
72, 5, c. 

23. pars animae : Coinp. te meae partem animae, Hor., Od., 2, 
17, 5; animae dimidium meae, Od., 1, 3, 8. — Cornute: See In- 
troduction, ix. 

24. ostendisse : once for all. See G., 275, 1 ; A., 58, 11, d.—~ 
pulsa: Kpove. See 3, 21. — dinoscere cautus: Hor., Sat., 1, G, 
51: cautum adsumere dignos. Comp. Prol., 11. 

25. solidum crepet: like sonat vitimn, 3, 21. G., 331, R. 2; 
A., 52, 3, a. — pictae tectoria linguae: The comparison is taken 
from a stuccoed party-wall painted to look solid. Comp. Afran. 
ap. Non., 152, 28, v. 14 (Ribbeck): fallaci aspectu paries pictus 
putidus {=zputer). The notion in pictae belongs rather to tecto- 
ria than to linguae — ' painted tongue-stucco.' The figure will 
not bear close examination any more than the stucco. 

26. his, ut = «^ haec ut. Comp. hoc ut, v. 19. Others read hie. 
— centenas = centum. G., 310, R. ; A., 18, 2, d. — deposcere : No- 
tice the determination that lies in deposcere. 

27. quantum flxi : This is not conceived as a dependent inter- 
rogative, as is shown by v. 29, where the antecedent of the paral- 
lel clause is expressed. G., 469, R. 3. — sinuoso : Comp. Plin., 
H. N., 2, 37 : cor prima domicilia intra se animo et sanguini prae- 
oet sinuoso specu. Sinuoso pectore = in recessu mentis, 2,73. 

28. voce : carelessly repeated after wees. — pura : ' honest.' 

29. non enarrabile : i. e., save by the hundred voices. There 
is no contradiction, and even if there were — this is supposed to 
be poetry. — flora: 1, 47. 

30-51. When first I put away the things of boyhood and en- 
countered the temptations of youth, and stood bewildered at the 
cross-roads of life, I threw myself into your sheltering arms, and 
put myself under your guiding hand. Happy the memory of 



160 



NOTES. 



those days and nights, as they brought common work and com- 
mon rest. Surely a common star controls our destinies and 
makes us one. 

30. pavido: variously interpreted of the fear — 1. Which an 
entrance on life breeds; 2. Which requires the protection of the 
praetexta; 3. Which the rule of tutors and governors inspires. 
The third view is favored by olandi comites, as Conington re- 
marks. Comp. Mart., 11, 39, 2: et pueri custos assiduusque co- 
mes with v. 6 : te dispensator ; te domus ipsa pavet. — custos pur- 
pura: 'the guardian purple.' Purpura = praetexta, the dress of 
boyhood, which was of itself a protection. This was exchanged 
for the toga when the nonage was over. Per Jwc inane purpurae 
decusprecor, Hor., Epod., 5, 7. — mini: If cessit is taken absolute- 
ly, mihi may depend on the predicative notion in custos = quae 
mihi custos fuerat. Casaubon explains, mihi cessit, ut iam annis 
maiori vel etiam ut Tiosti. It seems best to combine the two : 
' When the purple resigned its dreaded guardianship over me.' 

31. bulla: the well-known 'boss,' which contained amulets 
and the like. Comp. 2, 70. — succinctis : ' Like cinctutis (Hor., 
A. P., 50), incinctos (Ov., Fast., 2, 632), in allusion to the cinctus 
Gabinus, in which primitive dress they (the Lares) were 'always 
represented. It was worn over the left shoulder, leaving the 
right arm free ' (Pretor). Conington renders succinctis, ' quaint.' 

32. Mail di: {fuerunt). — coinites: Jahn considers these comites 
the same as those mentioned in 3, 7. See note. The epigram of 
Mart., cited above, v. 30, makes for this view : the harsh tutors 
have become blandi comites. But most commentators prefer to 
take comites in its general sense. — tota Subura : On the construc- 
tion, see Gr., 386 ; A., 55, 3,/. The Subura, as the focus of busi- 
ness life, was the haunt of persons who are sufficiently character- 
ized as Suburanae magistrae, Mart., 11, 78, 11. 

33. permisit sparsisse : On the Inf., see G., 532, R 1 ; A., 70, 
3, a. On the tense, note on 1, 41. With the phraseology, Jahn 
comp. Val. Flacc. 5, 247: tua nunc terris, tua lumina toto\ 
sparge mart. Spargere is a happy word for a rapid, roving 
glance. — iain : ijdt}. The English idiom often refuses to give the 
exact force of iam. The youngster has got a ' sure enough' can- 
didus umbo. The contrast in time is the former praetexta. — can- 



SATIRE V. 161 

didus umbo : '■TTrnbo was the knot into which the folds of the 
toga were gathered after passing the left shoulder' (Pretor). Of 
course the umbo was candidus, as the toga was. 

34. iter ambiguum : See 3, 56. — vitae nescius error : is be- 
wilderment from ignorance of life. 

35. deducit : So Jahn (1843), a reading which he has strange- 
ly forsaken (1868) for diducit. Schluter puts it neatly thus: ho- 
mines in compita ubi viae diducuntm\ deduct dicuntur. Compita 
does not mean the roads, but the place where the roads meet — 
the crossing (Schol.). De adds the notion of decision to ducit. 
Comp. in discrimen deducere, Cic, Fam., 10, 24, 4. The youth is 
brought to a point where he must choose. — trepidas: See 1, 74. 

36. supposui : Almost ' I made you adopt me.' Supponere is 
used of supposititious children. As Persius's own father died 
while the poet was young, there is a tone of orphanage about 
the expression that appeals to our sympathy. 'I threw myself 
as a son into your arms.' — suscipis : is the correlative of supposui. 

37. Socratico sinu: The loving care of Socrates is meant, as 
well as his wisdom, as Jahn has observed. — fallere sollers: On 
the construction, see G., 424, R 4 ; A., 57, 8,/, 3 ; Prol., 11. ' Skil- 
ful to deceive,' in the sense of the gradual Socratic approach. 
The rule is not rudely applied, but cheats the warped nature into 
rectitude. Jahn's note amounts to this, that a ruler that under- 
stands deception, understands detection, and hence is a true ruler. 

38. regula: 'ruler.' See note on 4, 12. 

39. premitur ratione : Comp. Verg., Aen., 6, 80 : /era corda do- 
mans fingitoue premendo. — vinci labor at =d inn vincitur lauorat, 
cum labore vincitur. '"Labored shows that the pupil's mind co- 
operated with his teacher' (Conington). 

40. artiflcem : Passive, arte factum, 'artistic,' 'finished.' The 
figure is of course taken from moulding in wax or clay. — ducit 
vultum : Comp. exigite ut teneros mores ceu pollice ducat \ ut si quis 
cwa vultum facit, Juv., 7, 237; only there the workman moulds, 
here the material. Transl. ' take on,' ' assume,' as in Ov., Met., 1, 
402 : saxa ducereformam (Jahn). — pollice : The thumb is largely 
used in moulding. See Juv.,1. c, and Ov., Met., 10, 285 ; Stat., 
Achill., 1, 332, quoted by Jahn. 

41.etenim: Kai yap. See 3,48. — memini consumere: See 



162 NOTES. 

Prol., 2. — soles = dies. The antithesis runs throughout. Soles 
— opus — seria are opposed to nodes — requiem — mensa. 

42. primas noctes : ' the early hours of the night.' — epulis : 
'for feasting.' Others, 'from feasting,' i.e., for study, 3, 54; 5, 
62. — decerpere : The expression is a cross between carpe diem 
(Hon., Od., 1, 11, 8) and partem solido demere de die (Hon., Od., 1, 
1, 20). Decerpere is to pluck with resolute, eager hand. 

43. umim opus et requiem = unum opus et (unam) requiem 
(Jahn). Casaubon comp. Verg., Georg., 4, 184. 

44. laxamus seria : Jahn comp. Verg., Aen., 9, 223 : laxabant 
cur as. 

45. non equidem hoc dubites: On equidem, see note on 1, 110. 
With non dubites comp. non accedas, 1, 5. — foedere certo : Jahn 
comp. Ma^il., 2, 475 : iunxit amicitias horum sub foedere certo. 
Foedus cerium, ' fixed law,' ' fixed principle.' 

46. cousentire dies: On the Inf., instead of the normal quin 
with Subj., see G., 551, R. 4; M., 375 c, Obs. 2. For the 
thought, comp. Hor., Od., 2, 17, 21 : utrumque nostrum incrediUU 
modo | consentit astrum. — ab uno sidere duci: Astrology was 
very popular in Persius's time, having been brought into vogue 
by Tiberius. It was the aristocratic mode of divination, and is 
compared by Friedlander (Sitte)igesch., 1, 347) with the spiritual- 
ism and table-turning of the present day. Philosophy was not 
proof against it ; indeed, the later Stoics always had a leaning to 
it, and Panaetius was the only one that rejected it (Knickenberg, 
1. c. p. 79). All people of ' culture ' talked about ' horoscope,' 
' nativity,' and ' malign aspect,' just as the same class in our time 
speak of 'the spectroscope,' 'heat a mode of motion,' and 'the 
survival of the fittest.' Horace and Persius, who imitates 
Horace, have caught up some of the current terms, and travel 
along the Zodiac in blissful ignorance of their own stars. 

47. aequali Libra: So Hor., Od., 2, 17, 17 : seu Libra seu me 
Scorpios adspicit. Comp. the whole passage. 

48. Parca tenax veri: Comp. Parca non mendax, Hor., Od., 2, 
16, 39. 'Fate is represented with scales in her hands, also as 
marking the horoscope on the celestial globe ' (Jahn). The Parca 
of mythology is identified with the Fatum of the Stoics. — seu: 
Observe the irregularity of vel — seu instead of seu — seu. — nata 



SATIRE V. 163 

fidelibus : ' ordained for faithful friends.' ' The hour of birth is 
said to be born itself, as in Aeschyl., Ag., 107, %vjx^vtoq amv ; 
Soph., O. K., 1082, avyyevtig fifjveg ' (Conington). 

49. Geiuiiios : Casaubon quotes Manil., 2, 628 : magnus erit 
Gemini s amor et concordia duplex, 

50. Saturnumque gravem, etc. : ' We together cross malignant 
Saturn by propitious Jove.' 'Saturnine' and 'jovial' are rem- 
nants of astrological belief. JSfostro is not only ' our,' but 'on our 
side,' 'propitious.' 

51. nescio quod : 9lmosk=.aliquod. See v. 12.— est quod tem- 
perat : On the Mood, see G., 634, E. 1 ; M., 365, Obs. 2. With the 
expression, comp. Hon., Ep., 2, 2, 187 : scit genius, natale comes 
qui temper at astrum, where the parts are reversed. — me tibi 
teniperat: The Dative is used after the analogy of miscere. 
'Blends my being with thine.' 

52-61. Our aims, our lives are one. But 'many men, many 
minds.' Each has his passion — the merchant, the man of ease, 
the lover of sport, the gamester, the rake — but they have to reck- 
on with disease at last, and groan over the failure of their lives. 

52. Mille liomimim species: The Schol. quotes Hon., Sat., 2, 
1, 27 : quot capitum mmint, totidem studiorum \ milia. Proverbial 
is Ter., Phorm., 2, 3, 14 : quot homines, 'tot sententiae : suos cuique 
mos. — usus rerum: 'practice of life,' 'practice.' See 1, 1, note. 
— discolor : ' of various hue.' 

53. velle suum cuique est : Comp. Verg., Eel., 2, 65 : traMt 
sua quemque wluptas. On velle suum, see 1, 9. — uec uno vivitur 
voto : Comp. 2, 7 : aperto mvere voto. The negative form of a 
proposition following the positive strengthens it. Nee uno, ' far 
different.' With the examples that follow, Jahn comp. Hon., 
Ep., 1, 18, 21 seqq. 

54. mercibus mutat piper: On the Abl., see G., 404, R. ; A., 54, 
8. The normal construction is merces mutat pipere ; the other does 
not occur in archaic Latin nor in model prose. Horace is the 
first to use it, e. g., Od., 3, 1, 47 ; Epod., 9, 27. Livy introduces it 
into prose, but employs it only once (5, 30, 3). So Drager, Histor. 
Syntax, § 235.— sub sole recenti: The Schol. comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 
4, 29 : hie mutat merces surgente a sole ad eum quo | vespertina 
tepet regio. 



164 NOTES. 

55. rugosum piper : ' wrinkled pepper,' ' shrivelled pepper,' 
the shrivelling being the effect of the hot Eastern sun. None of 
your Italian pepper, but the genuine Eastern article. See note 
on 3, 75. — pallentis cumini s like pallidam Pirenen, Prol., 4, attri- 
bute for effect, an imitation and, strange to say, without attempt 
at enhancement, of the exsangue cuminum of Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 18. 
Cuminum pallorem bibentibiis gignit, Plin., H. N., 20, 14, 57. Cum- 
in was considered an indispensable condiment. The large use 
of it is shown by the compounds in Greek (icvfiivoSdxn — 3/?k*?, 
art) — see Seiler ad Alciphron., 3, 58 — and it ranks with pep- 
per in Petron., 49 ; with salt in Alexis, fr. 169 (3. 465 Mein.). 
Add Plutarch, Quaest. Conv., 5, 10. 

56. inrigno somno : Inriguo is active. Sleep waters him, as it 
were, and increases his fat, Comp. Verg., Aen., 3, 511 : fessos so- 
por inrigat artus. 'Dewy sleep' is almost too sweet for the 
passage. Konig, a prosaic soul, thinks of the ' sweaty sleep ' of 
a man who is gorged with meat and drink. 

57. campo : The gymnastic exercises of the campus, and' espe- 
cially of the campus Martins in Rome, are familiar. See Hor., Od., 
1, 8, 4 ; Ep., 1, 7, 59 ; A. P., 162, referred to by Jahn.— decoquit = 
coquendo vires absumit. The word is employed of a man who has 
used up, run through, his means. So Cic, Phil., 2, 18, 44 : tenesne 
memoria praetextatum te decoxisse? Here it is the man who is 
used up, who is made to go to pot. 

58. putris : Gr. Taicepog. ' In wanton dalliance melts away ' 
(Gifford). — lapidosa cheragra: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 1, 31: no- 
dosa cheragra. The chalk-stones ot gout are compared with 
hailstones. 

59. iregerit s Perf. Subj. in a generic sense. G., 569, R. 2 
(end). Comp. postquam illi iusta cheragra j contudit articulos, 
Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 15 seqq. — veteris ramalia fagi : The comparison 
is between the fingers and the knotty boughs. Comp. Hesiod's 
TTsvroZog, O. et D., 744. — fagi : Fagus, <f>r)y6g, and 'beech' (bhag) 
are etymologically, but not botanically, the same. See Curtius, 
Qrundzuge, No. 160. 

60. A forcible passage, on which Conington says : ' The con- 
ception here is of life passed in a Boeotian atmosphere of thick 
fogs and pestilential vapors, which the sun never penetrates— 



SATIRE Vo 165 

probably with especial reference to the pleasures of sense, of 
which Peesius has just been speaking. So the " vapor, heavy, 
hueless, formless, cold," in Tennyson's " Vision of Sin." ' — cras- 
sos dies: sub crasso aere (Jahn). — transisse: Heinr. comp. Tib., 
1, 4, 33 : vidi iam iuvenem, premeret cum serior aetas, \ maerentem 
stultos praeteri isse dies. — lucem palustrem : ' boggy ' = ' foggy 
light ' is ' light choked by fog.' Crassos dies lucemque palustrem 
must be connected closely — ' gross days in foggy light' — so as to 
get rid of an awkward Zeugma with transisse. 

61. sibi: with ingemuere (Conington). — iain seri: 'too, too 
late.' On wro, see v. 33. On sot, G., 324, R. 6 ; A., 47, 6. — in- 
gemuere : like the Gr. Aorist. Comp. v. 187 and 3*101. G., 228, 
R. 2 ; A., 58, 5, c. ' Heave a sigh ' (Conington). — relictam : ante- 
actam (Casaubon). Iam post terga reliquit \ sexaginta annos, 
Juv., 13, 16. 

02-65. Contrast of Cornutus's noble mission. His creed the 
only creed for life. 

62. at: in lively contrast.— nocturnis : Comp. 1, 90. — inpal- 
lescere : Comp. 1, 26. 

63. purgatas : Purgare is an agricultural term like our ' clean,' 
and the metaphor is kept up. The field is the ear. — inseris: 
where we should expect seris. — fruge Cleanthea: Cleanthes is 
selected here on account of his strict life and virtuous poverty, in 
opposition to the luxury and wealth of the Romulidae, as Knicken- 
berg remarks, 1. c. p. 9. — petite : Mr. Pretor supposes that this is 
Cornutus's invitation to the world. But if Cornutus speaks here, 
where does Persius come in again? — unless he takes up the 
cudgels for his master in v. 66. — finein = HXog . — viatica: Jahn 
quotes DlOG. LAERT., 1, 5, 80 : etyodiov airb veottjtoq elg yijpag 
avakafifiavt Gocpiav ; and 5, 11, 21: koXKkttov s<p6Siov r^J yjjpa -f) 
iraihia. — miseris: ' wretched else.' — canis: G., 195, R. 1. 

66-72. 'There is time enough for that,' says an impersonal 
sinner. 'To-morrow w T ill do as well.' '"To-morrow, and to- 
morrow, and to-morrow." To-morrow never becomes to-day.' 

66. Cras hoc flet, etc. : ' I will do this that you ask of me to- 
morrow.' ' You will do to-morrow just what you are doing to- 
day.' Jahn comp. Ov., R. A., 104 : Cras quoque fiet idem. Her- 
mann arranges : Cras hoc fiet idem. Cras fiet f ' This will, can be 



166 NOTES. 

done to-inorrow as well as to-day.' ' To-morrow, you say V 
Couip. Petrox., 82 : quod hodie non est, eras erit. 

67. liempe diem donas : ' Well, what of it ? Suppose I go on 
the same way to-morrow ; it will only be a day — a great present, 
forsooth, to be haggling about !' On nempe, see O., 500, R. 2. — 
cum reiiit — consumpsimus : more lively than cum verier it — con- 
sumpserimus (G-., 229). One clause is involved in the other. O., 
236, R, 4. This seems to be better than making venit iterative, 
and consumpsimus an Aoristic Perf. 

69. egerit : ' unloads,' ' carts off.' Egerere is the opposite of 
ingerere (v. 6). Comp. Sen., Ep., 47, 2: venter maiore opera om- 
nia egerit qilam ingessit. Jahn makes egerit =zimpulerit, in or- 
der to save the figure. Compare truditur dies die, Hon., Od., 2, 
18, 15, and Petrox., 45 : dies diem trudit; and 82 : vita truditur. 
But even this does not save the figure, aud the sudden change 
of metaphor is in Persitjs's vein.— pauluin erit ultra : ' To-mor- 
row will always be a little further on,' is the common rendering, 
the figure changing at this point. 

70. quamvis— yertentem : A later construction. G., 611, R. ; 
M., 443, Obs. — cantum : ' tire.' 

72. cum curras: 'seeing that you are running.' Here cum 
is nearly equivalent to si, as it is thrown by sectaoere into the 
future, and is thus made hypothetical. Comp. G., 591, R. 3, and 
584. 

73-90. What men need is Liberty — not the freedom of the 
city, which insures a quota of damaged corn ; not the freedom 
of the freedman, which gives a slave a name to be free, while he 
is yet a slave ; but the liberty wherewith Philosophy sets men 
free. The freedman demurs to this hard doctrine, but a Stoic 
adept silences him by his ' Short Method.' 

73. liac, ut, quisque: Sac is the adverb, ut = qua, quisque=. 
quicunque (comp. quandoque = quandocumque, 4, 28), a sad complex 
of harshnesses, which may be rendered thus : 'Liberty is what is 
wanted; not after the prevalent (G., 290, 7) fashion, -by which 
each man that has worked his way up to a Publius in the Veline 
tribe is owner of a ticket for a ration of musty spelt.' Other read- 
ings, such as hoc quam ut quisque (Passow), Tiac qua quisque (Meis- 
ter), are mere devices to relieve the grammatical situation, which 



SATIRE V. 167 

is doubtless unnatural in the extreme, as hac seems to belong to 
libertate, and ut quisque is a familiar combination. Conington 
makes non hac the beginning of an independent sentence, and 
translates: 'It is not by this freedom that every fire-new citi- 
zen, who gets his name enrolled in a tribe, is privileged to get a 
pauper's allowance for his ticket.' — Yelina : Comp. Hor., Ep., 

1, 6, 52: hie multum in Fabia valet, Me Velina. The Veline 
was one of the last two tribes instituted (Becker, Bom. Alt., 

2, 1, 170), and is supposed by some to be one of the four city 
tribes to which the libertini were restricted. The name of the 
tribe to which a man belongs is put in the Abl. (as a whence 
case). So M. Larcius L. f. Pomptina Pudens (Becker, I.e. 
198). 

74. Pufolius: Only freemen were entitled to the praenomen. 
Comp. Hon., Sat., 2, 5, 32: Quint e, puta, aut Publi {gaudent 
yraenomine mollcs j auriculae). — emeruit: literally 'has served his 
time' (of a soldier), 'has worked his way up to be a Publius' 
(supplying esse). — tesserula: the well-known tessera frumentaria, 
Suet., Aug., 41. 

75. (Juiritem: Rare in the Singular (Schol.). 

76. vertigo : the ' twirl ' of the familiar process of manumissio 
per vindictam. 'The lictor touched the slave with the vindicta, 
the master turning him round and " dismissing him from his 
hand" with the words Hunc hominem liberum esse voW (Co- 
nington). — facit: is causal as well as faciat. G., 627, R. ; A., 
63. — Daina : Avpag — An^rpiog ; according to others for Arjfxeag 
(Mehlhorn, Gr. Or., 183), a common slave's name. — non tres- 
sis: Jahn comp. non semissis homo, Vatin. aj). Cic, Fam., 5, 
10, 1. 

77.vappa: 'dead wine,' hence 'mean liquor.' — lippus: the 
effect of drinking. — in farragine tenni : ' in the matter of,' and 
hence ' for a poor feed of corn.' 

78. verterit — exit = si verterit — exit. G., 257; A., 57, 5. 
Comp. v. 189. The Perf. is aoristic, ' give him a whirl.' — mo- 
^fcento: literally by the 'motion,' 'by virtue,' 'by the act of 
twirling.' ' By dint ' would give an ironical turn. 

79. Marcns: as Publius, v. 74. Jahn cites an inscription: 
M • FVFIVS • M - L • DAJV1A. — papae : Ironical admiration. 

H 



168 NOTES. 

' Wondrous change ! Every body will trust this thief, this liar 
now!' Papae (Gr. ircnral, (5a(3ai). 'Whew!' 'Prodigious! 1 — 
reeusas? Fie on you, if you do ! See note on 4, 1. 

80. adsigna taoellas : ' your hand and seal to this document,' 
1 witness this document.' 

82. mera : ' pure and simple ' (ironical). — pillea : See 3, 106. 

83. An qiiisquam — Bruto: These words are generally as- 
signed to Dama, and it is certainly more humorous to make 
the promoted stable-boy argue in mood and figure than to rake 
up one of Persius's dead-alive spectators, as Konig does, and 
after him Pretor. Quisquam, because of the negative answer ex- 
pected. See 1, 112, and G., 304 ; A., 21, 2, h. 

84. lit YOluit s The Stoic formula did^not differ from the popu- 
lar definition. Certainly it* does not sound recondite to say : liber- 
tas est potestas vivendi ut velis, Cic, Parad., 5, 1, 34; or with Ae,- 
RIAN, Diss., 4, 1, 1 : iXevSepog lanv 6 l&v 6jq fiovXerai, but the words 
must be understood in their Stoic sense. 

85. Mendose colligis: <j>av\ojg <rvX\oy&i. 'Your syllogism is 
faulty.' 'Marcus, thou reasonest ill.' 

86. stoicus hie: 'our Stoic friend' (Conington). Persius 
himself. — anrein— lotus : Comp. v. 63 and 1, 126. Lotus may be 
reflexive. G., 332, R. 2 ; A., 53, 3, c, R.— aceto : Vinegar was used 
in cases of deafness, Cels., 6, 7, 2, 3 (Konig). 

87. accipio — toiler 'Persius admits the major, but denies 
the minor ; denies both that the man has a will (void), and that 
he is free (licet) to follow it' (Conington). Mr. Pretor limits the 
concession to mvere (to Zfjv), and explains : ' The mere fact that 
you are a living creature, I admit ; the inference contained in 
licet and ut wh, I altogether deny.' ' This dissection of the ar- 
gument word by word ' may be ' more in keeping with the char- 
acter of the Stoic ' — the Stoics were great choppers of logic — but 
it is not in keeping with the style of Persius, who is subtle ev- 
ery where except in his arguments. 

88. Tindicta: the festuca, or 'wand,' with which the Iictor 
struck the manumittend. See v. 76. — postqnam reeessi: with & 
causal tone. See note on 3, 90. — mens : 'my own man,' hence 
'.my own master' (G., 299, R.) ; mei iuris (Schol.). 

90. Masuri ruorica : ' The canon of Masurius.' ' Masurius Sa- 



SATIRE V. 169 

binus, an eminent lawyer, lived in the reigns of Tiberius and Nero, 
and wrote a work in three books, entitled Ius Civile.' 1 Rubrica, 
' because the titles and first few words of the laws were common- 
ly picked out with vermilion. Comp. perlege rubras \ maiorum 
leges, Juv., 14, 192 ' (Pre tor, after Jahn). A low creature like 
Dama has a soul that is not above the statute-book ; lofty spirits, 
like our Stoic, and believers in the higher law sneer at the can- 
on and its maker. So Marc. Antonin., ap. Front., Ep., 2, 7 (p. 
32 JSaber), speaks of deliramenta Masuriana. Comp. Quint., 12, 
3, 11. — vetavit : for vetuit, reminds us of the slip of another youth- 
ful genius, Kirke White, and his 'rudely blow'd.' There is no 
sufficient warrant for the form. 

91-131. A Stoic sermon. Text: Do nothing that you will 
spoil in the doing. You know T nothing as you ought to know 
it, and you can do nothing as you ought to do it. You are ig- 
norant of the first principles of morals; you have no control over 
your desires, your appetites. You may call yourself free, but you 
are a slave for all that. For one master without, you have a le- 
gion of masters within. 

91.Disce: Comp. 3,66. — naso: the simple Abl. as a whence 
case. Comp. 1, 83. The nose is the familiar seat of anger. 
THEOCR., 1, 18: Kai ol del dpifiela x°^<* ""o™ ptvi K&Srjrcu. For 
Biblical parallels, see Gesenius or Fiirst, s. v. P|N. The anger is 
shown by snorting, or, as here, by snarling.— rugosa : Comp. 
corruget naves, Hor., Ep., 1, 5, 23.— sauna : 1, 62. 

92. dum revello : '•while I am plucking ' = ' until I have pluck- 
ed.' See note on v. 10. — veteres avias : ' old grandmothers,' 
for ' inveterate, rooted, grandmotherish notions.' Comp. patruos 
sapere, 1, 11, and 6 \sy6fievog ypa&v v$\og, Plat., Theaet., 176 B. — 
de pulinone : The lung is the seat of pride in 3, 27 (comp. suffla, 
4,20). Jahn regards it here as the seat of wrath. 

93. erat: 'as you thought.' G., 224, R. 3; A., 58, 3, d.— te- 
nuia rerum officia ; ' mastery of the subtle distinctions of duty.' 
Tenuia, a trisyllable, as often. G., 717. Rerum, parallel with 
vitae. See 1, 1. 

94. usnm rapidae vitae : ' the right management of the rapid 
course of life.' The metaphor is taken either from a river (rapi- 
dus amnis, rapidi fluminum lapsus, rapidum fiumen, rapidus' 



170 NOTES. 

Tigris, Hon.), which sweeps away the man who does not under- 
stand its current, or frorh a race-course in which there is no stop- 
ping, as Conington thinks (3, 67). Others understand rapidae 
simply as ' fleeting.' 

95. sambucain: The ordinary translation, 'dulcimer,' is not 
strictly correct, though ' dulcimer ' suggests the exotic refinement 
of the sambuca, a four-stringed instrument of Eastern origin, syn- 
onymous with cultivated luxury. — citius aptaveris: S&ttov av 
ap/xoaeiag ; written out = citius aptuveris quam praetor det, but it 
is better not written out. Notice the Perf. Subj. 'You would 
sooner succeed in making a dulcimer fit, sooner get a dulcimer 
to fit [the hand of] a gawky camp-porter.' — caloiii : used in its 
original sense of a soldier's hewer of wood and drawer of water. 
Persius, who has no admiration for soldiers themselves, would 
naturally select a soldier's drudge as a type of awkwardness and 
stupidity. So, in effect, Conington. — alto: We combine 'tall 
and gawky;' 'hulking' (Conington). Comp. the sneer at the 
ingentis Titos, 1, 20, and Pidfennius ingens, 5, 190, and the dvrjp 
Tpi<ricaid£Ka7rr)xvg of Theocr., 15, 17. 

96. stat contra : ' confronts,' ' stops the way.' Jahn comp. 
Mart., 1, 53, 12 : stat contra, dicitque tibi tua pagina: Fur es, a 
parallel which no conscientious commentator can quote without 
qualnls. Juv., 3, 290 : stat contra starique iuoet. — ratio : ' Right 
reason ' here is equivalent to natura below, which is itself equiv- 
alent to publica lex hominum. See Knickenberg, 1. c. p. 20 seqq. 
— secretam: 'private.' — garrits It is hard choosing between 
gannit and garrit. Martial has garrire in aurem, in auricu- 
lam, 1, 89, 1 ; 3, 28, 2, and aurem dum tibi praesto garrienti, 11, 
24, 2; Afran., ap. Non., 452, 11 (283 Ribb.) : gannire ad aurem 
numquam didici dominieam. 

97. liceat: with reference to v. 84. 

98. publica lex hominum naturaque : ' The universal law of 
human nature.' Of course in the peculiar Stoic sense. See note 
on 3, 67. ' The doctrine of a supreme law of Nature, the actual 
source and ideal standard of all particular laws, was character- 
istic of the Stoics, and lay at the bottom of the Roman juristical 
notion of a ratio naturalis or ius gentium ' (Conington). 

99. teiieat actus : As tenere cursum is sometimes used in the 



SATIRE V. 171 

sense of ' check a course,' ' refrain from a course,' so tenere vetitos 
actus means to refrain from, or, as Pretor translates, ' hold in 
abeyance forbidden actions.' To this effect Konig. But as tene- 
re cursum is also used in the sense of ' hold a course, keep on a 
course,' Jahn's version, which makes it a law of nature for weak 
ignorance to pursue forbidden actions, is not without justifica- 
tion. In that case fas est = l it is to be expected,' as in operi longo 
fas est oh'epere somnum. For the thought of the necessity of 
sin for the ignorant, see v. 119. But the immediate context fa- 
vors the former interpretation, Casaubon's tenere vetitos == habere 
pro vetitis is without warrant in usage. 

100-104. Popular illustrations of the doctrine drawn from 
medicine and navigation, and from Hon., Ep., 2, 1, 114 : navem 
agere ignarus navis timet : ' dbrotonum aegro \ non audet, nisi qui 
didicit dare. 

100. certo conpescere puucto, etc. : ' although you do not 
know how to check [that is, to bring to the perpendicular and 
keep there] the tongue or index [of the steelyard by putting the 
equipoise or pea] at a certain point.' 'Although you do not know 
how to use the steelyard ' (statera). On the examen, see 1,6; 
punctum is one of the points or. notches (notae) on the graduated 
arm. With nescius conpescere comp. callidus suspendere, 1, 118, and 
Prol., 11. — natura = ?ez, as above. 

102. peronatus : The pero was a thick boot of raw-hide, cru- 
dus pero, Verg., Aen., 7, 690, and Juv., 14, 186 : quem non pudet 
alto | per glaciem per one tegi,qui summovet Euros j pellibus inversis 
(Jahn). The peronatus arator is a clodhopper, a country bump- 
kin. 

103. luciferi rudis : Not a good stroke. Some knowledge of 
the stars was necessary for the ploughman himself, as Casaubon 
remarks. See Verg., Georg., 1, 204 seqq. So notably of the Pleia- 
des, Hesiod, O. et D., 383. 615.— Melicerta: Portunus, patron 
of sailors, Verg., Georg., 1, 437. — perisse : Comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 
80: clament per lis se pudorem \ cuncti paene patres. 

104. frontem : the seat of modesty for modesty itself. In En- 
glish, ' face,' ' front,' and ' forehead ' are used for the absence of 
modesty ; but ' frontless ' and ' effrontery ' accord with the usage 
here and in Juv., 13, 242: quando recepit \ eiectum simul attrita 



172 NOTES. 

de front e pudoremt — de rebus: 'from the world,' or omitted. 
See 1, 1. — recto talo : Comp. Hon., Ep., 2, 1, 176 : cadat an recto 
stet f alula talo. Jahn comp. further Pind., Isthm., 6, 12: 6pB$ 
iGTaaag £7rt <T<pvp$, and Eur., Hel., 1449 : 6pS£ j3fjvai nodi. Transl. 
1 uprightly.' 

105. ars: Philosophy. [Philosophus] art em vitae professus, 
Cic, Tusc. Dis., 2, 4, 12 ; sapientia ars est, Sen., Ep., 29, 3. — speci- 
em : Jahn gave up in 1868 the hopeless specimen of 1843, which left 
qua in the next line utterly unprovided for. That this aberra- 
tion of a distinguished scholar should have been followed at all 
is a sad instance of Nachbeterei — a German word, not exclusively 
a German vice. 

106. ne qua : sc. species. JSTe because of the general notion of 
apprehension in the sentence, as after videre. G., 548, R. 2 ; A., 
70, 3, e. — subaerato auro : Subaeratus is a translation of viroxaX- 
koq. "Y-koxoXkov vofiitj/xa is literally a coin (of gold or silver) with 
copper underneath. Of course we should say gilt or silvered 
copper coin. Subaerato auro, Abl. Abs. — mendosum tiuuiat : 
With mendosum comp. sonat vitium, 3, 21 ; solidum crepet, v. 25 ; 
with tinniat, Quint., 11, 3, 31: sonis homines, ut aera tinnitu, 
dinoscimus. Translate the line : ' that no [seeming truth] give a 
faulty ring, due to the copper underneath the gold.' 

107. forent : On the sequence, see G., 511, R. 2 ; A., 58, 10, a. 

108. ilia prius creta, etc. : Comp. Hon., Sat., 2, 3, 246 : sanin 
creta an carbone notandi. 

109. modicus voti : On the Gen., see G., 374, R. 2 ; A., 50, 3, c. 
— presso lare : ' Your establishment within your means V Pres- 
sus opposed to diffusus. — dulcis : ' indulgent.' Observe the 
' sweet reasonableness ' of the ancient religionist. He, too, was an 
apostle of ' sweetness and light.' 

110. iam nuuc— iam nunc : ' At the very moment,' 'just at the 
right time,' hence ' at one instant, at another.' — astringas — laxes : 
' shut tight— open wide.' — granaria : 6, 25, Plural of abundance. 
Comp. 2, 33. 

111. inque luto : It was a favorite trick of the Roman boys to 
solder a piece of money to a stone in the pavement, in order to 
have a laugh at any one who might stoop to pick it up (Scholi- 
ast). Similar pranks are common enough now. Comp. Hon., 



SATIRE V. 173 

Ep., 1, 16, 63: qui liberior sit avarus | in triviis fixum cum se de- 
mittit ob assjm | non video. 

112. glutto : On the formation, see cachinno, 1,12. 'Licker- 
ish-mouthed that you are' would give the coarse tone. — sali- 
vam : Doth not our mouth water ? — Mercurialem : Excited by 
gain and not by food. See 2, 12. 'Water of treasure-trove' 
(Conington). 

113. haec mea sunt, teneo : The commentators notice the legal 
tone. — cum dixeris : G., 584. 

114. -que ac: a rare combination. — praetoribus ac love dex- 
tro : a kind of Zeugma = praetoribus [aucto?'ibus] et love dextro, 
' by the grace of the praetors and Jove.' The Jupiter here meant 
is the Iuppiter Liberator (Zevg iXevSepiog), so famous in connection 
with the death of Persius's friend, Thrasea Paetus, Tac, Ann., 
16, 35. See Introd., xiii. 

115. sin : ' (if not) but if,' G., 593 ; A., 59, 1, a; Ribbeck, 1. c. 
14. — cum: 'whereas,' 'after,' adversative. — nostrae farinae: 
' one of our grain, batch, set,' ' one of our kiduey ' — doubtless a 
proverbial expression. The metaphor is taken from the mill or 
from the bakery. The batch referred to is the Stoic school. Of 
course the statement is ironical. ' Whereas (to judge by your 
bold pretensions to liberty) you were a little while ago in our 
set' 

116-118. The drift of the passage is plain enough. ' A change 
of fortune does not bring with it a change of character. If you 
possess all that you say you possess, then you are free and wise. 
But if you are, after all, the same old man, I take back all that 
I have granted. You are a fool, a slave.' This familiar Stoic 
thesis is covered over with a mass of confused metaphors, at 
least according to the commentators and translators. — pellicu- 
lam veterem retines : is supposed to be : 1. An ass in a lion's 
skin, after Hon., Sat, 1, 6, 22 ; or, 2. A snake that has not cast 
its slough (Jahn). — astutam servas vulpem: is the fox dressed 
up like a lion, Hon., Sat., 2, 3, 186. — yapido pectore: contains 
an allusion to ' dead wine,' vappa, v. 77, and is opposed to incoc- 
tum generoso pectus honesto, 2, 74. — funem reduco : 1. Of a beast 
that has had rope allowed it and is pulled in ; 2. Of a cock-chaf- 
er that is played at the end of a string (An., Nub., 763). — fronte 



174 NOTES. 

politus : words that do not fit in very satisfactorily with ass, fox, 
flat wine, restifT beast, or buzzing cock-chafer. My admiration 
of Persius is not unqualified, but this medley is almost too wild 
even for his turbid genius ; and here, as elsewhere, commentators 
have been misled by looking at mere verbal coincidences with 
Horace. There is an Aesopic fable (149 Halm), the moral of 
which gives the substance of this passage : 6 Xoyog SrjXol on ol 
(pavXoi tCjv avSpoJTTiov, kolv to. 7rpo<rxr]fJ-aTa Xa^Trporepa dvaXaj3<i)<n, rrjv 
yovv (pixriv ov iiEra-iSEVTai. In this fable, which bears a family 
likeness to [aXrj tzot dvSpog (Babb. 32), La Chatte Metamorphosee en 
Femme (La Fontaine, 2, 18), Zeus, charmed with the cleverness 
of Reynard, had made him king of the beasts ; but wishing to 
try whether fortune had changed his character, he caused a beetle 
to fly before His Majesty's eyes as he was borne by in state. The 
fox could not withstand the temptation, leaped from the litter, 
and tried to catch the game in such unseemly guise that Zeus 
deposed him. The fox is Dama, made Marcus ; nay, become a 
philosopher (nostraefarinae), and the philosopher is king : sapi- 
ens — dives | liter, honoratus, pidcher, rex denique regum, as Hob- 
ace puts the Stoic doctrine (Ep., 1, 1, 107). But if despite his 
fair seeming, his smooth regal brow (fronte ■politus), he retains 
his old nature {pellimlam veterem), and the old Reynard — the old 
rascal that swindled his master for a feed of corn — is still in his 
heart (astutam servas siib pectore xidpem), our deus ew machina takes 
back all that he has granted ; he is a slave still. 

117. relego : So Jahn. Inferior MSS. have repeto. Relego ev- 
idently suggested the new figure, funern reduco. 

119. digituin exsere^ peccas : a favorite expression with the 
Stoics to show that the wise man alone understands the conduct 
of life. EpiCTET., fr. 53 : rj tyiXocroQia §r\<j\v on ovdk rbv ddicrvXoD 
IkteIvsiv eiKrj Trpo(ri]icEi (Casaubon). 

120. nullo ture litabis: Comp. 2, 75. Here litdbis—Utando 
impetrabis. 

122. fossor: 'a ditcher, a clown, a clodhopper.' Fossor =in- 
cultus. Comp. 'navvy.' Juvenal (11, 80) speaks of the squali- 
dus fossor; Catullus (22, 10) combines fossor and caprimulgus; 
Eub. (El., 252), (TKcupzvg and j3ov<pop(36g. 

123. tris tantuin ad numeros inoveare : ' dance three steps in 



SATIRE V. 175 

time.' Ad, as often, of the standard ; numerus=zpvBfx6g ; moveri of 
the dance, as in Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 125, and as motus in Od., 3, 6, 21 : 
mot us doceri gaudet Ionicos \ matura virgo. — satyrum: a kind of 
Cognate Accusative, as in Hor., 1. c. : qui \ nunc satyrum, nunc 
agrestem Cyclopa movetur. Persius selects the satyrus in distinct 
opposition to the agrestis Cyclops, a more congenial dance for the 
agrestis fossor. See the commentators on Horace. — Bathylli : 
Bathyllus was a famous dancer in the time of Augustus. More 
bookishness. See Phaedr., 5, 7, 5 ; Jtjv., 6, 63. 

124. Liber ego : The language of Dama. Only Dama is fading 
out. 'Persius meets this reassertion of freedom with a new 
answer. Before he had contended that fools had no rights; now 
he shows that they have no independent power ' (Conington). — 
Uiide datum hoc seiitis : So Hor., Sat., 2, 2, 31 : Tlnde datum hoc 
sentis, only sentis here is equivalent to censes (Jahn). On the in- 
terrogative with the Participle, see 3, 67. JJnde datum, ' Who al- 
lowed you V unde being — a quo. Comp. inde, 1, 126, and G., 613, 
K. 1 ; A., 48, 5.— tot sufodite rebus : Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 75 : 
tune mihi dominus rerum imperils hominumque \ tot tantisque 
m i n or=z rjcrcjojv =r subditus. 

125. an: 'or' (do you mean to say?) 'what?' See 1, 41.— 
relaxat : in a general sense. Exit Dama. Enter Impersonal Tu. 

126. I puer : sample order of a sample master. — strigiles : 
A man might go to a common bath, but he would not like to 
use a common scraper {strigilis, Zvarpa). On the strigilis, see, if 
needful, the commentators on Juv., 3, 263.— Crispini: Perhaps 
the bath-keeper. The name is Horatian, Sat., 1, 2, 120, and else- 
where. 

127. si increpuit: The slave loiters, the master scolds — 
'cessas nugator :' Much more effective in the mouth of the master 
than as an apodosis to si increpuit, as Hermann has it, and Jahn 
(1868); though Schliiter's remark, verba 'cessas nugatorV domi- 
num, non philosophum decent, does not amount to much, when we 
consider that the philosopher is Persius himself. Nugator is 
used here of wasting time ; but the use of nugari and its forms, 
which were often addressed to slaves, is wider, like the English 
' fool.' So in Petron., 52, a boy lets a cup fall, and Trimalchio 
cries, ne sis nugax. With cessas comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 14 : semel 

H2 



176 NOTES. 

hie cessavit. ' What do you mean by this loitering, you dawd- 
ler, you V — servitium acre : ' the goad of bondage,' as Conington 
suggests. Acre, from the same radical as aculeus. 

128. nihil nee quicquam : G., 482, R. 3. 

129. nervos : ' wires.' The figure of the puppet (sigillarium, 
dyaXfia vEvp6<nra(TTov) was a favorite one with the Stoics, to judge 
by M. Antoninus, who uses it very often, e. g., oiyiXkdpia vtvpo- 
cnratJTovfieva, 7, 3 ; vEvpoGTraoTia, 6, 28. Comp. Hon., Sat., 2, 7, 80 : 
tu mihi qui imperitas alii servis miser atque \ duceris ut nervis ali- 
enis mobile lignum. — agitet : ' There is nothing from without to set 
your wires going.' Your masters are within. — iecore : See 1, 25. 

130. domini : An immemorial figure. So Sophocles of Love. 
Di meliora, inquit, libenter vero istinc sicut a domino agresti acfu- 
rioso profugi, Cic, Cat. Mai., 14, 47. — qni : ' how ?' — exis=evadis. 
See 1, 46 ; 6, 60. 

131. atque = quam. G., 311, R. 6. — liic = de quo loquimur. G., 
290, 3.— metus erUis = metus eri. G., 360, R. 1 ; 363, R, ; A., 50, 
1, a. k If I be a master, where is my fear V Mai., 1, 6. The as- 
sumption of Hendiadys, ' fear of the master's whip,' is unneces- 
sary, and makes the passage less forcible. 

132-191. The remainder of the Satire is taken up with de- 
scriptions of the ruling passions: Avarice (132-142), Luxury (143- 
160), Love (161-175), Ambition (176-179), Superstition (180- 
189). The language is lively and mimetic, and forcibly recalls 
the connection between comedy and satire. 

132-160. Avarice finds you snoring, makes you get up, thrusts 
a bill of lading in your hand, cuts out work for you— not very 
honest work either — and chides you till she gets you to the ship. 
As you are about to embark, Luxury takes you aside, remon- 
strates with you, reminds you of the annoyances of a sea voyage. 
And all for what ? The difference between five and eleven per 
cent. Why so greedy ? ' Life let us cherish.' Enjoy it while 
you may. And so you are in a strait betwixt two. First you 
submit to one, then to the other master; and when you have 
once rebelled, you must not say, ' I have broken my bonds.' So a 
struggling hound may wrench away the staple, but drags the 
chain after it. 

132. Mane stertis: a reminiscence of himself, 3, 3. 



SATIRE V. 177 

134. saperdain: Sing, for the Plur. Comp. rtxena, 3, 76. The 
saperda (aaTrepdrjg, KopaKivog) was a cheap fish for salting. The 
best carne from the Palus Maeotis (Sea of Azow, Balik-Denghis, 
or Fish-sea), where they were caught in vast quantities. ' Salt 
herring.' — Ponto : a whence case. 

135. castoreum, stuppas, hebenum, tus : A mere hodge-podge. 
Comp. Menand., fr. 720 (4, 279 Mein.) : arvmruov, tkktyavT, olvov, 
avXaiav, fivpov. The wares are mainly Eastern. Musk came from 
Pontus, ebony and frankincense from the Far East. — lubrica 
Coa : ' slippery Coans ' may be understood of ' oily (or laxative) 
Coan wines,' Hon., Sat., 2, 4, 29, or of ' soft Coan vestments,' 
which were little more than woven air, Hor., Od., 4, 13, 13. The 
use of Coa for ' Coan robes ' is sustained by Ov., A. A., 2, 298 : 
Coa decere puta, even if Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 101, be cavilled at, and 
the effect is droller. 

136. recens primus piper: Reams, 'fresh,' 'just in;' primus, 
* forestall the market.' — ex sitiente camelo : The thirsty camel 
brings the scene before our eyes — comp. ante boves, 1, 74 — and 
shows that the genuine Indian pepper is meant, the rugosum pi- 
per of v. 55. The camel must have come a long way to be thirsty 
(sitim quadriduo tolerat, Plin., H. N., 8, 18), but Madam Avarice 
will not let her slave wait until the camel has been unloaded and 
has had its drink. 

137. verte aliquid; iura: Verte aliquid is said with impatience, 
and aliquid is to be urged. Comp.frange aliquid, 6, 32; dest 
aliquid, 6, 64 ; fodere aut arare aut aliquid ferre, Ter., Heaut., 
1, 1, 17. 'Do something or other in the way of trade.' This ob- 
viates Jahn's objection, who finds the expression tame after the 
preceding list, and prefers to make vertere — versuramfacere, 'bor- 
row money' (to pay debts), and to interpret iura of swearing out 
of the obligation. But the connection in which iura stands 
shows that it is professional, and hence dishonorable ; and 
though verte aliquid is not necessarily immoral, observe that in 
English we add ' honest ' to the phrase ' turn a penny,' if we 
wish to prevent a sinister interpretation, which is the interpreta- 
tion here, as Konig remarks. As for the ' tameness,' mercare is 
' tame ' after vende animam lucro, 6, 75. 

138. varo : or laro, ' lout.' This obscure word is entered by 



178 NOTES. 

Vanicek {Etym. Worterb., S. 86) under ear (kvar) — comp. varus, 

1 crooked ' — so that varo would be ' a wrong-headed creature,' ' a 
perverse blockhead.' The verb dbvaro occurs in Ennius (Trag., 

2 Vahl.), and varo (Subst.) would be a formation like cachinno (1, 
12) and palpo (5, 176). — regustatum digito terebrare salinum : 
After the Greek proverb: aXiav rpvirav (of extreme poverty). 
Casaubon quotes, and every body after him, Apoll. Tyan., Ep., 
7 : k}ioi 8' dri tyjv aXiav rpvirav iv Qe/Jiidog o'iKip. ' To taste and taste 
until you bore a hole with your finger in the salt-cellar.' ' To lick 
the platter clean.'— T salinum : Only the most advanced philoso- 
phers professed to consider salt, which even the miser could not 
well dispense with (4, 30), as a luxury. So Thrasycles, in Luc, 
Tim., 56: oxpov 8e ij8lcttov Stvpov ?) Kapdafiov i) el nore Tpv<p^rjv 
oXiyov riov aXu>v. 

139. perages : according to Casaubon, an imitation of the Gr. 
didyeiv. Warrant for the ellipsis of vitam or aetatem seems to be 
lacking. Some wish to read perges here, and combine it with 
terebrare. If so, the word perges must not be translated ' con- 
tinue' (rpv7T(ov diareXeig), but 'proceed.' See the Dictionaries. 
There is no authority for making perages— perges. — yivere cum 
love : Madam Avarice is blasphemously familiar in her expres- 
sions. ' To live on good terms with Jupiter.' 

140. pellein : simply ' a skin,' which might serve as many 
purposes as a modern traveller's shawl. Jahn interprets it as 
meaning a sort of packing cloth (segestre), and compares Pe- 
tron., 102. This is much more likely than the pastoria pellis 
of Ov., Met., 2, 680, the j3airrj of Theocr., 3, 25, elsewhere call- 
ed vclkoq, 5, 2, 'a peasant's coat of raw hide.' — succinctus : 
'high girt,' hence 'equipped.' — oenophorum : 'a wine case.' 
Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 6, 109: pueri lasanum portantes oenopho- 
rum que. 

141. Ocius ad navem: It matters not who says this: 'Off to 
the ship this instant.' We are on the wharf, where such cries 
are in the air; but if we must assign them to somebody, they 
are best assigned to the master, who hurries the slaves on board. 
— quin: G., 551, 1 ; A., 70, 4, g— trabe vasta: ' mammoth ship.' 
The man's greed is indicated by the size of the ship, as contrast- 
ed with the slenderness of his personal equipment. Vastum Aegae- 



SATIRE V. 179 

urn, another reading, would be an epithet wasted, a rare extrav- 
agance in Persius. 

142. rapias : ' scour.' Casaubon comp. Stat., Theb., 5, 3 : ra- 
pere campum. So Vergl, Georg., 3, 103: campum | corripuere. 
The notion is that of devouring. — sollers : ' artful ' (literally, all- 
art). 

143. seductum : Comp. 2, 4 ; 6, 42.— quo deinde mis % So 
Verg., Aen., 5, 741. Deinde, ' next.' 

144. quid tibi vis? Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 69. G., 351, R. ; 
A., 51, 7, d. — calido: is proleptic. ' Your breast is heated by a 
rising of potent bile.' — mascula = rdbusta (Jahn). Musculo, bills 
means bills nigra, fieXayxoXia. Conington compares the Greek 
use of ap<jr]v as ktvtcoq dpmjv, Soph., Phil., 1455. See 6, 4. 

145. intumuit : Comp. 2, 14 ; 3, 8. — non exstinxerit : ovk av 
a/3g(T6ie. G., 629 (250) ; A., 60, 2, b — urua: nearly three gallons, 
half an amphora. — cicutae : the remedy for madness from this 
cause, Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 53. 

146. mare transilias: G., 251; A., 57, 6. Conington's 'skip 
across ' would hardly answer for Horace's non tangenda rates \ 
transiliunt vada, Od., 1, 3, 24. Tr. 'vault over.' — torta can- 
nabe : ' Twisted hemp ' is ' rope,' but Persius probably means 
a ' coil of rope.' — fulto : with tibi. Jahn quotes Juv., 3, 82 : 
fultusque toro mellore recumbet. A coil of rope will be your 
cushion and a bench your table. 

147. Veientanumque rubellum: The Veientana uva (Mart., 2, 
53, 4) yielded a coarse red wine. Et Veientani dibitur faex 
crassa rubelli, Mart., 1, 103, 9. Not a happy stroke, as Teuffel 
has observed. A sea voyage does not involve bad wine. 

148. vapida pice : ' fusty pitch.' Jars were pitched to pre- 
serve the wine. — laesum: 'damaged.' — sessilis obba: 'broad- 
bottomed jorum,' 'squab jug' (Gilford). Obba is an obsolete 
word for a large drinking-cup. Conington's ' noggin ' does not 
hold enough. 

149. quincunce : As an as a month is twelve per cent, per an- 
num, so -j^- as {quincunx) is five per cent., and deunx eleven. 

150. nutrieras: We use 'nursing' in similar connections, but 
rather in the sense of ' husbanding.' The figure is an extension 
of the Greek tokoq. See Shaksp., M. of V., 1, 3, where the ' breed 



180 NOTES. 

for barren metal ' embodies an ancient prejudice. Comp. further 
Hor., Ep., 1, 18, 35: nummos alienos pascet. — nuinmi — pergant 
avidos sudare deunces : So Jahn (1843). ' May go on to sweat 
out a greedy eleven per cent. 1 Hermann edits : nummos — pera- 
gant avido sudore deunces, and so Jahn (1868). H. (L. P., II., 57) 
refers to bona peragere (6, 22), and says that the merchant, dissat- 
isfied with his modest five per cent, which had increased his 
capital, goes in for eleven per cent., which gobbles it up, and has 
his sweat for his pains. On pergant, see note on v. 139; with 
mdare deunces comp. Verg., Eel., 4, 30 : sudabunt roscida mella. 

151. indulge genio: See note on 2, 3. — nostrum est quod 
vivis : Variously interpreted. ' Your real life is mine,' i. e., ' only 
that part of life which you bestow on me is life ' (Casaubon, and 
so, in effect, Jahn). ' Your life belongs to me and you (nostrum 
answering to carpamus dulcia), not to any one else, such as Av- 
arice, and it is all that w T e have ' (Conington). ' It is all in our 
favor that you are alive' (Pretor) — clearly wrong. There is an 
evident reminiscence of the Horatian quod spiro et placeo, si pla- 
ceo, tuum est (Od., 4, 3, 24), which sustains Casaubon's view. 

152. ciuis et manes et fabula fies : See note on 1, 36. There 
are clearly three stages, as Conington suggests : ' first ashes, then 
a shade, then a name.' With fabula fies comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 13, 
9 : fabula fias, and Od., 1, 4, 16 : iam te premet nox fabulaeque 
manes. 

153. vive ineinor leti: So Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 97. — hoc quod lo- 
quor inde est : ' What I am saying — this speech of mine — is so 
much off, so much time lost.' Comp. dum loquimur fugerit in- 
mda | aetas, Hor., Od., 1, 11, 7. 

154. en quid agis 2 See 3, 5. — duplici hamo : ' a couple of 
hooks.' If hamo is a fish-hook, scinderis is a metaphor within a 
metaphor. ' You are like a fish distracted by two hooks,' not 
knowing which to bite at. Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 7, 74 : occultum 
msus decurrere piscis adhamum, and for scinderis, Verg., Aen., 2, 
39: scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. The execu- 
tioner's hook, which others understand, is generally uncus; Juv., 
10, 66 : Seianus ducitur unco. 

155. sequeris: See note on 3, 5. — subeas oportet: G., 535, R 
1; A.,70,3,/,R 



SATIKE V. ' 181 

155. oberres : Gr. SpamTEvuv, ' go at large ' (Pretor). 

156. nee — dicas — neu dicas. See note on 1, 5. 

159. nam et : (Don't say so) ' for.' ' Why, there's the dog that, 
like you (et), breaks its fastening.' — luctata : ' by a wrench.' — no- 
dum : ' is the knot by which the chain is fastened to the bar of 
the door, (sera). Comp. Prop., 4, 11, 25-6: Cerberus et nullas 
hodie petat improbus umbras, | sed iaceat tacita lapsa catena sera' 
(Pretor). — et tamen : So Jahn (1868). At tamen, the reading of 
most MSS., can not stand, if Madvig is right in maintaining that 
at tamen always means ' at least.' Hermann's ast tamen is well 
supported by MSS., and is more vigorous than et. 

160. a collo: G., 388, R. 2; A., 42, 2.— pars longa catenae: 
The long chain hampers its flight, and makes it easier to catch. 
The comparison clearly suggests the next picture. 

161-175. Persius, knowing little of love or liaison, goes to 
his Greek books for an example, and finds it, where it was not 
far to seek, in Menander's Eunuch. Horace (Sat., 2, 3, 259 
seqq.) follows Terence's adaptation, Persius seems to have 
stuck to the original. Hence the dialogue is between Chaere- 
stratus (Xaipinjrparog), the young master, and Davus (Aaoo), the 
confidential servant, and not between Phaedria and Parmeno, as 
in the Latin dramatist. 

Ch. Davus, I'm going to put a stop to this sort of thing. — D. 
Thank Heaven for that! — Ch. But — I should not like to hurt 
her feelings. Do you think she'll cry ? — D. Well, if you talk that 
way, you had better not kick over the traces at all. She will 
give it to you soundly when she gets hold of you again, and she 
will get hold of you again as soon as she calls you. Don't be 
making suppositions. Go back to her in no case. 

A man who can make such a resolution and keep it — here is 
your free man, not the lictor's whirligig. 

161. Dave, cito : Observe how he jerks out the words between 
the gnawings.— credas iuheo: G., 546, R. 3. — finire dolores, 
etc. : From Hor., 1. c. 263 : an potius mediter finire dolor es. 

162. praeteritos: logically superfluous with finire, and yet 
not bad dramatically ; ' that I have been having, undergoing.' — 
erndum : predicative, ' to the raw,' to the quick.' Comp. 1, 106 : 
demorsos unguis. 



182 NOTES. 

163. adrodens: more natural than abrodens. 'He is in med- 
itation, not in despair' (Hermann). — siccis: opp. to madidis, 
ebriis. ' What ! shall I be a standing disgrace in the way of my 
sober relations V 

164. rumore sinistro: 'What? make myself the talk of all 
the scandal-mongers by squandering my estate V 

165. limen ad obscenum : ' at a bawdy-house.' See note on 1, 
109. He puts the case strongly. Kemember that he is shut out. 
— frangam : colloquial, ' smash up,' ' make flinders of.' — Chry- 
sidis : In Terence the lady's name is Thais, not Chrysis. — udas : 
' dripping.' With what ? With perfumes (Lucr.-, 4, 1179), with 
wine (Hor., Od., 1, 7, 22), with tears (Ov., Am., 1, 6, 18), with 
rain (Hor., Od., 3, 10, 19), with the sweat of the commentators 
of Persius. 

166. Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 51 : ebrius et, magnum quod dede- 
cus, ambulet ante \ noctem cum facibus. — ante fores canto : An- 
tique erotic literature is full of the caterwaulings of excluded lov- 
ers (jrapaKXavGiSvpa). 

167. puer : 'Davus encourages his master, hence puer instead 
of Terence and Horace's ere ' (Conington). ' My young mas- 
ter ' gives the tone here, ' my boy ' below. — sapias : ' I do hope 
you are going to show your sense.' Rather optative than imper- 
ative. — dis depellentibus : depidsoribus = dis averruncis. The Gr. 

is a7rorpo7raioe, cnrwaiicaKOQ, aXeZiicaicoQ. Comp. a-rroTpoiroiai ^a//ioct, 
Aesch., Pers., 203 (quoted by Pretor). 

169. Nugaris: 'at your old nonsense, I see.' See v. 127. — 
solea : The slipper was and is a matronly instrument of torture 
(Luc, D. D., 11, 1), and hence the fun of its application to grown- 
up men, as in the familiar story of Hercules and OmphalS, Luc, 
D. D., 13, 2. 'To slipper' would be understood as well in a 
modern nursery as fiXavrovv was in a Greek gynaikonitis. Phil- 
tra quibus valeat mentem mxare mariti \ et solea pulsar e natis, 
Juv., 6, 611-12. — obinrgabere: a terminus technicus. Petron., 
34: colaphis objurgare puerum iussit. — rubra: A dramatic touch. 
This ' No Goody Two Shoes ' wore the fashionable red slippers. 
Comp. the talon rouge of the last century. 

170. ne trepidare Te\is=noli trepidare. 'Pray don't under- 
take to be restiflf, to be plunging about.' Chaerestratus is a wild 



SATIRE V. 183 

beast in the toils. This suggests ferzis, and then the metaphor is 
dropped, unless exieras, v. 174, be a remnant of it. 

171. The distribution of what follows is not clear. Jahn and 
Hermann make Davus's speech end with dicas, so that haud mora 
is the reply which the slave puts into the mouth of his master. 
' If she should call you, you would say : " Anon, anon, mistress." ' 
Chaerestratus speaks the words from Quidnam to accedam, and 
Davus concludes with si totus — nee nunc. If Jahn's view be 
adopted, I do not see how we are to reject the old conjecture ne 
tunc or nee tunc for the reading ne nunc, nee nunc, v. 174. According 
to Heinrich, followed by Macleane and Conington, hand mora is 
adverbial, and the words quidnam — accedam are attributed by Da- 
vus to Chaerestratus. ' In Terence,' says Conington, ' the lover 
has received a summons before the scene begins, and he deliber- 
ates whether to obey it. In Persitjs he is trying to resolve un- 
der the pressure of disappointment, and even then can not make 
up his mind; so that his servant tells him that if he should be 
summoned back, he is pretty sure to entertain the question.' I 
have followed Heinrich's arrangement. Speech within speech is 
as characteristic of Persitjs as metaphor within metaphor. 

172. nee nunc : So Jahn in his ed. of 1868. Ne nunc,his former 
reading, for ne nunc quidem, condemned by Madvig, has a doubt- 
ful support in Hoe., Sat., 2, 3, 262, a clear support in Petron., 
9. 47. — arcessat : So Jahn for arcessor, which is excessively harsh, 
by reason of the double change, person and mood, in supjjlicet. 

174. si exieras : d y l&prjg. ' If (as you pretend you did) you 
got away heart-whole and fancy-free, don't go to her even now.' 
Si with Pluperf. Ind. (not iterative) is not common, Cic, N. D., 2, 
35,90. Others read exieris. — nee nunc: sc.aceedas. — hie, hie: 
The Adverb, as appears from infestuca. Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 17, 
39 : hie est aut nusquam quod quaerimus. 

175. festuca : is generally explained as a synonyme for vindicta. 
Others refer it to the practice of throwing stubble on the manu- 
mitted slave, Plut., De Sera Num. Vind., p. 550 (Conington). — 
ineptus : ' as if a lictor could make a man truly free !' (Jahn). 

176-179. Ambition's Slave. 

176. palpo: literally 'patter, stroker,' ' softsawder-man,' i. e., 
electioneerer. Another of the veroa togae. See note on 1, 12. 



184 NOTES. 

Palpo is explained by Io. Sarisberiensis (ap. Jahn) as ' one who 
feels his way with the people ;' but this is not so simple nor so 
much in accordance with the use of palpare. — (tacit hiantem: 
Comp. Hon., Sat, 1, 2, 88: emptorem inducat hiantem, where 
Bentley reads ducat on account of this passage. Also Verg., 
Georg., 2, 508: hunc plausus hiantem — | corripuit, and Solon, 
13, 36 (Bergk), xaaicovTZQ Kov(paiQ eXiriai Tep7r6/J.&a. 

177. cret&ta, = ca?ididata. Togas were chalked then, as belts 
are pipe-clayed now. The candidate naturally put on his best. 
' My Lady Canvass in holiday attire, in spotless white.' — vigila : 
4 Be up early,' in the same sense as our phrase, ' You must get up 
early to do this or that.' There is no special reference to the 
morning salutatio. — cicer : Comp. Hon., Sat., 2, 3, 182 : in cicere 
atque fdba bona tu perdasque lupinis, \ latus ut in circo spatiere et 
aeneus ut stes. The vetch was a vulgar vegetable. 

178. nostra: nobis aedilibus celebrata (Jahn). On the ironical 
First Person, see 3, 3. — Floralia : See the Dictionaries. 

179. nyrici z=apricantes. See 4, 18. 19. To ' love to live i' th' 
sun ' (Shaksp.) is common to the feebleness of age and the luxury 
of youth, 4, 33. — quid pulchrius : Snatch of the old men's chat 
(Hermann). Ironical comment of Persius (Jahn). The former 
is more in Persius' s manner. 

at: An abrupt transition to the Thraldom of Superstition (180- 
188). "Whether the slave of superstition is identical with the 
slave of ambition or not is not certain — probably not. 

180. Herodis— dies : Probably Herod's birthday, celebrated by 
the sect of the Herodians. Persius takes Herod as the most fa- 
miliar Jewish personage to indicate Jewish superstition. On 
the spread of Judaism in the Koman Empire, see Friedlander, 
JSittengesch., 3, 489.— uncta fenestra : The ' window ' is ' greasy ' 
from the oil-lamps. 

181. lucernae : Those who wish illustrations for what they 
can see with their own eyes, may consult Friedlander, 1. c. 1, 292. 
The lights remind one of the Feast of Tabernacles. 

182. violas: Comp. Juv., 12, 90: omnis violae iactabo colores. 
The violet may be our violet or the pansy (viola bicolor). — ru- 
brumque amplexa catinum : The tunny is so large that it em- 
braces the dish, and is not embraced by it. Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 



SATIRE V. 185 

4, 77: angustoque vagos piscis urgere catino. Bubrum, the com- 
mon color of pottery. 

183. Cauda thynni: The tunny has a large tail, hence some 
such adjective as ' taily ' is desiderated. Comp. note on 6, 10. — 
iiatat : Makes fun of the fish's swimming in the circumstances. 
— tumet : ' bulges.' The big belly of the jar looks as if it were 
' swollen ' with wine. 

184. 1 a bra inovet tacitus : Comp. Hon., Ep., 1, 16, -60 : lair a 
mo vet, metuens audiri (of a prayer to Laverna). A recondite al- 
lusion to the secret prayer of the Jews is unlikely. — recutita sab- 
bata = recutitorum sabbata. Comp. Ov., Rem. Am., 219, 220 : nee 
te peregrina morentur \ sabbata. — palles =pallidus times. G., 
329, R. 1 ; A., 52, 1, a. Comp. our English ' blanch ' or ' blench.' 

185. turn : As soon as the man has got over his Jewish fright 
he is assailed by other superstitions. — lemures: 'hobgoblins.' 
See note on 2, 3. Comp. Hon., Ep., 2, 2, 208 : somnia, terrores 
magicos, miracula, sagas, \ nocturnos lemures, portentaque Thes- 
sala rides f — ovoque pericula rupto: The Schol. refers these 
words to the Gr. ^Wkottuo? (Jahn). ' The priests used to put eggs 
on the fire, and observe whether the moisture came out from the 
side or the top, the bursting of the egg being considered a very 
dangerous sign.' So Conington, after the Scholiast. Lemures 
and pericula have no strict grammatical connection. Some 
supply timentur out of palles, others connect with incussere by 
Zeugma. 

186. grandes galli: Juvenal's ingens \ semimr (6, 512). The 
peculiar worship of Cybele" had long been familiar to the Ro- 
mans. — sistro: The cdarpov, or 'timbrel,' was peculiar to the 
service of Isis, which had been imported more recently. On its 
significance, see Plut., De Isid. et Osir., p. 376. The vibratory 
theory of life, with its perpetual sensuous unrest, is no novelty, 
as some of its eloquent advocates seem to think. — lusca : Why 
lusea ? The priestess is supposed to have been struck blind by 
Isis, who visited offenders in that way. Comp. Ov., Ep. ex P., 1, 
1, 53, and Juv., 13, 93: Isis et irato feriat mea lumina sistro. 
One homely explanation is that the priestess, being one-eyed, had 
betaken herself to religion in despair of a husband ! (Schol.) 

187. iucussere: Gr. Aorist. Comp. 3, 101. The expression, 



186 NOTES. 

1 strike the gods into you,' after the analogy of incutere metum, 
terrorem, is the other side of Vergil's famous magnum si pectore 
possit | excussisse deum (Aen., 6, 78). — iiiflantis: 'who have a 
way of swelling.' Compare the use of depellentibus for depulsori- 
1ms, v. 167. See G., 439. 

188. praedictum : ' prescribed.' — alii : The superstitious usage 
here referred to has not yet been paralleled. 

189-91. Last scene of all. Horse-laughter of the muscular 
military. 

189. Dixeris — ridet = si dixeris— ridet. Comp. v. 7 8. — varico - 
SOS : Comp. Juv., 6, 397: varicosus Jietharuspex (from long-stand- 
ing). Varicose veins would naturally be common with men who 
were as much on their legs as the soldiers of that day. But as 
varicare means to stand or walk, as if one had varices, l to strad- 
dle' (Quint., 11, 3, 125), and as vdricus means ' straddling' (Ov., A. 
A., 3, 304), it seems better to translate varieosos ' straddling ' here, 
always remembering the origin. With the change of quantity, 
comp. vdcillo and vdcillo (vaccillo), Lachm., Lucret., p. 37. — cen- 
turionmn : See note on 3, 77. 

190. crassum ridet: Comp. subrisit molle, 3, 110. — Piilfennius: 
Jahn's last. The name is variously written. Notice a similar 
trouble about a hircosus centurio in Caes., B. G., 5. 44, once Pulfio, 
now Pulio. Heinrich recognizes a fellow-countryman in Vulfen- 
nius (Wulfen). — ingeiis: Comp. torosa inventus, 3, 86; caloni 
alto, 5, 95. 

191. Graecos : Comp. doctores Oraios, 6, 38. — curto : ' clipped.' 
— licetur: A similar notion is worked out with admirable hu- 
mor in Lucian's Vitarum Auctio. 



SIXTH SATIRE. 

The Sixth Satire is addressed to Caesius Bassus, a friend of Persius. 
The theme of it is the Proper Use of the Goods of this Life, which takes 
the personal form of a vindication of the poet's course in preferring 
moderate enjoyment to mean parsimony or grasping avarice. 

Argument.— Are you by this time snugly ensconced by your Sabine 
fire? And do the chords of your lyre wake to life at your vigorous 
touch ? O cunning craftsman ! in whose song the noble tongue of our 



SATIRE VI. 187 

sires is set to manly music, while young and old alike feel the play of 
your sportive wit, which in all its sport never forgets the gentleman 
(1-6). 

"While you are yonder, I am in my dear Liguria, where the coast is 
warm, the sea is wintry but kindly, the rocks bar out the storm, and the 
shore retreats far inland. 

' Luna's port— 'tis well worth while, good people, to know it.' 
This was a saying of Ennius, as he woke up in his senses from his Py- 
thagorean dreams and became plain Quintus, instead of the 'blind old 
man of Scio's rocky isle,' and a wise saying of that hearty old cock it 
was (7-11). 

Well, here I am, caring nothing for the rabble rout, caring nothing 
what an ill wind may be getting up for my flock. My neighbor may 
have a better patch of ground, men of lower birth may be growing rich 
over me. I will not fret myself into a crooked old man for that, nor 
dine without a bit of something nice, nor nose oufr a swindle in the im- 
perfect seal of a flagon of flat wine (12-17). 

How men differ in such matters ! The very same horoscope may 
bring forth rights and lefts. Here is one that even on his birthday al- 
lows himself only the scantiest and meanest fare. Here is another that 
eats up, like a spirited lad as he is, a vast estate. For my part, 'Enjoy- 
ment, enjoyment,' is my motto, although I do not intend to treat my 
freedmen to turbots, and do not understand the difference between 
cock-ortolan and hen-ortolan after they are cooked (18-24). 

Now this is the way to live, I take it. Up to your harvest, up to the 
last grain of your garners. What are you afraid of? It is a mere matter 
of harrowing, and lo ! another crop is there (25, 26). 

But you say, Mr. Critic, ' There are claims on one. A friend is ship- 
wrecked, the poor fellow is utterly ruined. One must do something for 
him.' 

Well and good ! Sell a piece of land, give the proceeds to the needy 
friend, and keep him from begging up and down with a pictorial appeal 
to the benevolent (27-33). 

Ay, but what of the heir ? He will dock the funeral meats, if you dock 
the estate. One, sure, would not be stenchful when one's dead, and 
your bones will not be perfumed, or the perfumes will be stale or adul- 
terated. One can not expect to diminish one's property without pay- 
ing for it. Why, I heard Bestius say of your Greek teachers, from 
whom you learned this precious wisdom of yours, that ever since this 
new doctrine came to town the very haymakers have been spoiling their 
good, wholesome fare by rancid grease. 

Well, what of all this — the heir's neglect and Bestius's fault-finding — 
would you fear them beyond the grave? (34-41). 
But come, my heir, let us dismiss the critic, and have a quiet chat to- 



188 NOTES. 

gether. Consider the claims on me. Here comes a glorious piece of 
news from the Emperor. The Germans have been defeated with great 
slaughter. A grand triumph is preparing. This is no time to hold back. 
I am going to bring out a hundred pairs of gladiators in honor of the oc- 
casion. Forbid it, if you dare. If you don't like that, I am going to 
give largess to the people— none of your vile vetches, but oil and pasties. 
Do you object ? Out with it (42-51). 

What do you say? 'My farm is hardly worth having after that.' 
Well, if you don't want it, I can get some of the women to take it; and 
if there is none of them left, I can go to the next village, and Hodge will 
accept. ' A son of earth ?' you say ; 'a nobody?' Pshaw! If you come 
to that, I can just remember who my great-great-grandfather was. Two 
generations further back and I come to a son of earth, a nobody, and 
Hodge is a relation — a distant relation, but still a relation — a kind of 
great-great-uncle. Believe me, the Lord No Zoo is father of us all (52- 
60). 

You are an impatient heir, I must say. Why can't you wait for my 
shoes until I take them off? I am the God of Fortune to you, just as he 
is painted in the pictures, with a purse iu his hand. Will you take what 
I leave, and be glad to get it? It falls short; I know it does. But if I 
have lessened it, it is for myself that I have lessened it, and what is left 
is all yours. Don't stop to ask about that old legacy, and serve up a 
stale dish of fatherly advice. I know how fathers talk. 'Credit your- 
self by the interest. Debit yourself by the expenses. What is the re- 
mainder?' Remainder? Fudge! Souse the cabbage, boy. Don't spare 
the oil. Am I to dine off cow-heel and turnips on a holiday, that your 
graceless grandson may stuff himself with pate de fate gras, and indulge 
himself in aristocratic connections? Am I to go through the eye of a 
cambric needle that he may have a priestly paunch ? (61-74). 

Furthermore, if you are not content with the little that I can leave 
you, sell your life for gain. Try every trade. Try every nook and cor- 
ner of the earth. Go to Cappadocia, for instance, where you can make 
something by dealing in slaves, and become an adept in that dainty busi- 
ness. Double your capital. 'I have done so. Nay, I have trebled it, 
quadrupled it, decupled it. Tell me where to draw the line.' Tell you 
where to draw the line ? Why, Chrysippus himself could not find the 
limit between wealth and poverty. A dollar more does not make a man 
rich, a dollar less does not make him poor. Where is the turning-point ? 
And yet this man talks as if the turning-point had been found ! (75-80.) 



The Sixth Satire is the most obscure and unsatisfactory of the poems 
of Persius, and baffled interpreters have taken refuge in the hypothesis 
that the Satire is incomplete. The roughness of the metre and the 
harshness of the transitions favor this view; but parts are wrought 



SATIRE VI. 189 

out with all the minuteness of detail that is characteristic of our au- 
thor's style, and some of the highest authorities, such as Jahn, consider 
the Satire complete. The close, as Mr. Pretor remarks, is exactly in 
Persius's manner, and we must look elsewhere in the Satire for the 
breaks— if breaks there be. 

1-11. Are you spending the winter on your Sabine farm, Bas- 
sus, and have you resumed your poetry? I am in my Ligurian 
resort, so praised by Ennius. # 

l.iam: in the question implies uncertainty, 'actually?' 'so?' 
— hrmnsi = brevuma=zbi'evissii?na (dies), *■ the shortest day,' 'winter- 
solstice,' 'midwinter.' — foco: contrast between the fireside of the 
land of the Sabines and the open-air warmth of Liguria. — Basse : 
' Caesius Bassus, one of the intimate friends of Persius, was de- 
puted by Comutus to edit his Satires after his death. He is 
classed with Horace, as a lyric poet, by Quintilian (10, 1, 96), 
w r ho, however, thinks him inferior to some of his own contempo- 
raries, and he is probably the same with the author of a treatise 
on Metres, which is referred to by various grammarians, and still 
exists in an interpolated epitome, but different from Gabius or 
Gavius Bassus, who wrote works on the origin and signification 
of words and on the gods. Bassus was killed, according to the 
Scholiast, in the famous eruption of Vesuvius' (Conington, after 
Jahn). See also v. 5.— SaMno : The simplicity of the Sabines 
has already been noted (see 1, 20), and Jahn thinks that the life 
about the fireside (Verg., Georg., 2, 532) is an indication of the 
primitive tastes of Bassus and his family. SaMno also prepares 
the way for tetrico (below). Comp. tetrica ac tristis disciplina 
Sabinorum, Lrv., 1, 18 (quoted by Jahn). 

2. tetrico : ' austere.' — yivunt : Persius was thinking of Hor- 
ace's vivuntque commissi calores \ Aeoliae fidibus puellae, Od., 4, 
9, 11. 12. lam vivunt, ' wake to life ' (Pretor), where ' wake ' rep- 
resents iam. See note on 5, 33. 

3. mire: is an Adjective or an Adverb, according as opifex is 
a Substantive or an Adjective. — opifex: Commentators supply 
es, but the Kom. can be used in characteristic exclamation. See 
G., 340, R. 1 , and comp. 1 , 5. With opifex intendisse comp. Prol., 1 1 , 
and egregius lusispe below. For the Perf., see 1,41, note. — yete- 
rum primordia Tocuin : Perhaps ' the racy richness of our early 



190 NOTES. 

tongue.' Lucr. (4, 531) uses primordia vocum of the beginnings 
of articulate sound, as Quint., 1, 9, 1, uses dicendi primordia of in- 
struction in the rudimentary preparation for rhetoric. Bassus, 
as the whole context shows, affected to belong to the antiquiores 
homines, and imitated the diction of an earlier time. Persius 
belongs to a different school of art, and his friendship makes 
him guarded. Jahn understands a grammatical poem, of which 
Lucilius furnishes a familiar example in his Ninth Book (see L. 
Miiller's Lucilius, p. 221), but, as Pretor remarks, numeris — marem 
strep itumjidis intendisse Latinae indicates lyric poetry. 

4, inarem strepitum : like appnv $S6yyog. Comp. Hor., A. P., 
402 : mares aminos. — fldis Latinae : Stress is to be laid on Lati- 
nae. Persius himself is intensely Latin in his vocabulary. — in- 
tendisse : ' Verg., Aen., 9, 774, speaks of stringing the numbers 
on the chords; Persius goes further [and fares worse], and talks 
of stringing sounds on the numbers' (Conington). 

5. mox : points to another side of Bassus's poetry, the non- 
lyrical, probably satires, for one Bassus in satyris, mentioned by 
Fulgentius (ap. Jahn), is most likely our man, despite Jahn's 
objections. — iocis: Heinrich, ex cord. The passage is a very 
difficult one. The interpretation turns on the two words, iocos 
(or iocis), series (or senex), as the reading egregios for egregius may 
be discarded. 

(1.) Jahn reads in both editions (1843 and 1868) iocos and 
senes. 

(2.) Hermann's senex, the reading of Montepess., was enthusi- 
astically advocated by Hermann himself. 

(3.) Heinrich's iocis has the merit of making a perfectly clear 
sense, and is accepted by Mr. Pretor. 

(1.) If we read iocos with the MSS., iuvenes must be consid- 
ered an Adjective, and iuvenes iocos — iuvenilis iocos. This 
almost compels us to make senes an Adjective also, and the 
following translation may be given : ' Rare genius for car- 
rying on the frolics of youth [in song], and for giving play 
with virtuous skill to the jests of the aged.' 

(2.) Hermann's reading labors under the difficulty of requir- 
ing us to understand senex of Bassus, who was not an old 
man at the time ; but compare the note on praegrandi sene, 



SATIRE VI. 191 

1, 124. Notice also the want of balance in the absolute 
lusisse. ' Then showing yourself excellent in your old age 
at wakening young loves and frolicking over the chords 
with a virtuous touch ' (Conington). locus is often used 
of love. Comp. Catull., 8, 6 : ibi ilia multa turn iocosa 
fiebant. 
(3.) Heinrich's iocis gives us, 'Rarely skilled to rally the 
young with jibe and jest and have a fling at old sinners, 
but all in high-bred style.' Pollice honesto is the ingenuo 
ludo of 5, 16. Comp. also 2, 74 : generoso honesto; and the 
honesta oratio of Ter., Andr., 1, 1, 114: quae opponitur 
plebeiae, as Gesner says, s. v. It is hardly necessary to 
say that the English language has no synonyme for 
h&nestus, which embraces the goodly outside as well as 
the pure heart. 
Mr. Conington translates Hermann's text and comments on 
Jahn's. . Lusisse senes he understands as amavisse senili more, the 
poet being said to do the deed he writes about, Verg., Eel., 9, 
19. It would be far more simple to make iocos senes =zamores se- 
nilis, harsh as that would be. Old men's philanderings are fair 
game for the satirist or comic poet to have his fling at (lusisse). 
Turpe senilis amor, as the master says, Ov., Am., 1, 9, 4. Compare 
the Casina of Plautus. — pollice : the cithern being played chief- 
ly with the thumb. 

6. lusisse: Comp. scit risisse, 1, 132.— mini: The step-father 
of Persius probably had a seat there. 

7. intepet : The warmth of the coast made it a favorite resort 
for invalids. It is not unlikely that Persius was a man of deli- 
cate constitution. — hibernat : According to some, ' my sea win- 
ters,' that is, ' rests for the winter,' is not vexed by the keels of 
ships (Schol.). According to others, ' is wintry,' like liiemat (the 
more common word in this sense). A stormy sea was supposed 
to lash itself warm. Jahn quotes, among other passages, Cic, 
jS". D., 2, 10, 26: maria agitata ventis tepescunt. — meum: 'my 
sea,' ' my favorite haunt.' Some have inferred falsely from this 
passage that Luna was the birthplace of Persius. 

8. latus dant : ' present their giant side,' ' interpose a mighty 
barrier ' against the winds. Jahn comp. Verg., Aen., 1, 105 : un- 



192 NOTES. 

dis dat latus. — valle = s£mi. The Abl. of manner may be trans- 
lated locally; 'into a deep bay' (Conington). — se receptat: 're- 
treats,' ' retires ' from the storms. So Horace (Od., 1, 17, 17 ; 
Epod., 2, 11) speaks of a reducta vallis. Jahn refers the frequent- 
ative to the windings of the bay. ' Keeps retreating,' ' retreats 
further and further,' might very well be said from the traveller's 
point of view. The description of the harbor, now the Gulf of 
Spezia, is said to be very accurate. 

9. Lunai portnm, etc. : Ennius, Ann., v. 16 (Vahl.). Luna, 
from which the harbor took its name, was not on the gulf, but 
on the eastern side of the Macra (Magra), near the modern Sar- 
zana,— est operae: Commonly explained by the ellipsis of pre- 
tium. But the Gen. is very elastic— cognoscite : is easier in 
tone, cognoscere is easier for translation, cives: 'good people 
all.' Ger. Leutlein. Jahn notices the antiqua gravitas of cives. 

10. cor Enni: Comp. re-cor-dar and cor-datus, and our 'get 
by heart? So credidit meum cor, Enn., Ann., 374 (Vahl.). See 
Mart., 3,26, 4; 11, 84, 17. The expression is little more than 
cordatus Ennius, as in the familiar passage, tergemini vis Gery- 
onai, Lucr., 5, 28. So corpore Turni,VEKG., Aen., 7, 650 ; Greek, 
(3ia, i'f, defxag, aro/xa ('AvvTijg (TTofia, ANTHOL. P., 9, 26, 3). On the 
same principle are based such combinations as mens provida Be- 
guli, Hor., Od., 3, 5, 13, and venit et Grispi iucunda senectus, Juv., 
4, 81, and Montani quoque venter adest, 1. c. 107. ' Ennius, in his 
sober moments' (Gifford).— destertuit: On the Tense, see G., 
563 ; A., 62, 2, a. ' Snored off his being,' i. e., the dream that he 
was Homer. Ennius's dreams are touched up in Prol., 2, where 
it has been mentioned that Ennius dreamed that he had seen 
Homer. For the further visions, see the citations in Vahlen's 
ed. of Ennius, Ann., v. 15. 

11. Maeonides: poetic 'flash-name,' like the 'Bard of Avon.' 
— Quintus: 'plain Quintus' (Gifford). The Scholiast fancies 
that quintus is a numeral, and gives the following order of trans- 
migrations: 1. Pythagoras ; 2. A peacock; 3. Euphorbus; 4. Ho- 
mer. Tertullian gives: 1. Euphorbus; 2. Pythagoras; 3. 
Homer ; 4. A peacock. The pun would be a wretched one, 
but that is no objection; more serious is the wrong use of *the 
Preposition ex for ab. Heinrich combines confidently Maeo- 



SATIRE VI. 193 

nides Quintus, ' Homer with a Roman praenomenS Conington 
follows doubtingly. — pavone: Memini me fiere pavum, Enn., 
Ann., v. 15 (Vahl.). — Pytkagoreo : ' Since Pythagoras' time that 
I was an Irish rat,' Shaksp. 

12-17. Here I am in happy unconcern, caring naught for vul- 
gar herd or threatened flock. I do not pine because my neigh- 
bor waxes fat. Let who will get up in the world ; I won't let 
my hair turn gray for that, nor stint myself, nor poke my nose 
into the wax of every jar of wine I open to see whether some- 
body has not been tampering with the seal. 

12. securns: with Gen., Verg., Aen., 1, 350; 10,326. — quid 
praeparet auster : Jahn comp. quid cogitet umidus auster,YERG., 
Georg., 1, 462; and 444: arboribusque satisque JSfqtus pecorique 
sinister. 

13. infelix: with Dat. Verg., Georg., 2, 239 : tellus—infelix 
frugibus, quoted by Conington. — pecori : as it were, doubly 
dependent. — securus et : The trajection of et (1, 23) gives securus 
a better position. — angulus: as in si angulus Me \ proximus 
accedat, Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 8. 

14. pinguior : Jahn quotes appositely for the thought, ferti- 
lior seges est alienis semper in agris, Ov., A. A., 1, 349. So Juv., 
14, 142: maiorque videtur \ et melior mcina seges. — adeo onines: 
The emphasis of adeo may be given by repetition, all, ay, all. 
The supposition is an extreme one, hence the Subjunctive di- 
tewant. Notice the harsh elision at this point, which is avoided 
by smoother writers. Persius has it fourteen times in all— eight 
times in this one Satire — which may be interpreted as an indica- 
tion of its incompleteness. 

15. peioribus: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 22: peioribus ortus. 
The social sense is the more prominent. — usque = ubi-s-que, ' no 
matter where or when,' hence ' every where,' and, as here, ' al- 
ways.' 

16. curvus : ' bent double.'— minui : ' lose flesh ' (Conington). 
— senior before my time. Comp. 1, 26. — uncto: synonymous 
with ' dainty.' Jahn comp. Hor., A. P., 422, and 3, 102 ; 4, 17. 

17. signum tetigisse: Only good wines were sealed. The 
miser not only seals up his vile stuff, but, in his anxious scrutiny 
into the state of the seal, butts his nose against it — perhaps with 



194 NOTES. 

the additional idea of helping the sense of sight with the sense 
of smell. Hecusem tetigisse = nolim tetigisse. Comp. note on 1, 91. 
18-24. Others may not agree with me in these views. Even 
twins born under the same star may be widely different. One 
gives himself a treat only on his birthday, and a poor treat it is. 
Another devours his substance before he comes of age. I am for 
enjoyment, but not for waste ; for enjoyment, but not for a subtle 
discernment of the pleasures of the table. 

18. his : On the Dat., see G., 388, R. 1 ; A., 51, 2, g. His is 
Neuter. ' These views of mine.' — geminos : Comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 
2, 183 seqq. — horoscope : ' natal star,' ' star of nativity.' Comp. 
note on 5, 46. — varo genio : ' of diverging temper.' Varus is 
often used of distorted, bowed legs, and naro genio is only Per- 
sius's way of saying that the dispositions of twins often go apart. 

19. producis : ' bring forth,' ' give birth to,' ' beget,' Plaut., 
Rud., 4, 4, 129 ; Prop., 5, 1, 89 (Conington). Jahn renders it in 
lucent edit et educat, which is more in conformity with general 
usage and with the notion of control in the star of nativity. — 
solis natalifous : This picture has been much admired. Every 
word tells. This high-day comes but once a year (solis), the cab- 
bage is dry (sine undo), he does not souse it with oil, as Persius 
does (ungue, puer, caules, v. 69), but moistens it (tingat) with fish 
brine (muria), which he has bought — sly fox that he is (vafer) 
— in a cup (a cupful at a time, to prevent waste), while, with his 
own hand (ipse) — for he trusts no other — he dusts (inrorans) the 
platter with the dear, precious pepper, sacred in his eyes (sacrum). 

20. muria: was a cheap sauce, ' made of the thynnus, and less 
delicate than garum, made of the scomber ' (JVTacleane) ; hence the 
point of buying it only as he wanted it — a small quantity at a 
time. — empta : Both Conington and Pretor direct us to combine 
empta with muria. It can not be combined with any thing else, 
as calice is rigidly masculine, Neue, Formenl., 1, 691. 

21. sacrum: Aceroe dictum quia amrus tamquam sacro parcit 
(Jahn). Jahn compares u\g Belog, but has not overlooked the 
real point, as Mr. Pretor intimates. — iurorans : Comp. instillat in 
a similar description of a miser (Avidienus), in Hor., Sat., 2, 2, 
62. — dente peragit: 'gobbles up' (Conington). Peragere, 'go 
through,' ' run through.' 



SATIKE VI. 195 

22. m a srii a munis : Ironical, like Hor., Ep., 1, 15, 27 : rebus ma- 
ternis atque paternis \fortiter absumptis. 'High-hearted hero.' 
— puer : while a mere lad. ' Gifford notices the rapidity of the 
metre, and contrasts it with the slowness of v. 20.' It would 
have been more to the purpose if he had noticed the mockery of 
the position, which suspends the sense. ' He — his property — 
with nothing but his teeth — his vast estate — heroic being — runs 
through — while nothing but a boy.' 

23. rnombos : It suffices to refer to Jut., Sat., 4. — ponere : 1, 
53. For the construction, see Prol., 11. 

24. tenuis— salivas : ' delicate juices,' ' subtle flavors.' Saliva 
= saporj as in Plin., H. N., 22, 1, 22 : sua cuique vino saliva, by 
a natural transfer from the consumer to the consumed ; or, as Co- 
nington puts it, from effect to cause. See 5, 112.— sollers nosse : 
Prol., 11.— turdarum : < thrushes,' ' fieldfares,' a well-known del- 
icacy, Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 10 ; Ep., 1, 15, 41. The Scholiast tells us 
that the feminine is used for the ordinary masculine, because 
the Brillat-Savarins of the period undertook to tell the sex by 
the taste. The difference between turdorum and turdarum re- 
minds one of ' calipash ' and ' calipee.' . 

25-33. The true course is to live fully up to your income and 
trust to the next crop. ' But suppose an extraordinary demand 
is made on you. Suppose a friend is shipwrecked.' What easier 
than to sell a piece of land and relieve his wants ? 

25. tenus : here ' fully up to.' Jahn makes tenus an Adverb, 
compares Verg., Aen., 1, 737 : summo tenus attigit we, and ex- 
plains messe propria mve as = consume fructus agrorum tuorum 
usque ad finem, quoad suppetunt. — propria : ' Is it not lawful for 
me to do what I will with mine own V 

26. emole : to the last grain. — occa : Comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 
161 : cum segetes occat tibi moxfrumenta daturas. — in herba: 'in 
the blade.' Ov., Her., 17, 263: adhuc tua messis in herba est. 
Have something of the farmer's hopeful spirit. Comp. the Gr. 
proverb : del yewpyof uq vewra 7r\ovcriog. 

27. ast: 2, 39. An impersonal objector speaks. — officium = 
to KaSrrjKov, which embraces our charity. The Stoics insisted on 
XpncTorrig, without prejudice to cnraSua. They wanted benevolen- 
tia without misericordia. See Knickenberg, 1. c. p. 90. The poet 



196 NOTES. 

gets the better of the philosopher in Persius. — trabe rupta: 
Coinp. 1, 89. — Bruttia saxa : In the toe of the Italian hoot. 

28. prendit: Casaubon comp. prensantemque uncis manibus 
capita aspera montis, Verg., Aen., 6, 360 (of Palinurus). — surda- 
que Tota : Surdus is ' dull of hearing ' and ' dull of sound,' ' deaf,' 
and, as here, ' unheard.' Comp. Kuxpog. The radical is svar, 
' heavy ;' ' neither his ear heavy that it can not hear.' 

29. Ionio: sc. sinu, if we may judge by Juv., 6, 92: lateque 
sonant em pertulit Ionium. Gr.'Uviog koXttoq. Comp. Thuc, 
1, 24 with 6, 30. It is used here in a wide sense, as is shown 
by Bruttia saxa, v. 27. Comp. Serv. ad Aen., 3, 211 : sciendum 
Ionium sinum esse immensum ah Ionia usque ad Siciliam. 
On the translation and construction of Ionio, see note on Prol., 
1. — ipse : the master of the vessel. G., 297, R. 1. 

30. de puppe dii: Paintings of the gods. Comp.VERG., Aen., 
10, 171 : aurato fulgeoat Apolline puppis. The gods may have 
been Castor and Pollux, no unlikely ' sign,' Acts, 28, 11. Ingentes 
implies the size of the ship and the magnitude of the loss (Jahn). 
See note on traoe vasta, 5, 141. — obvia mergis : Jahn comp. Hor., 
Epod., 10, 21 : opima quod si praeda curvo litore \ porrecta mergos 
iuveris. Any large sea-bird will answer, such as ' cormorant.' 

31. lacerae : Conington comp. Ov., Her., 2, 45 : at laceras 
etiam puppes furiosa refeci. — et : jcat, ' if needbe.' — caespite vivo : 
Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 19, 13 ; 3, 8, 4 ; ' live sod,' ' green turf.' Here 
landed property is meant, in contrast to the income, represented 
by the messis. 

32. pictus : See note on 1, 89. ' With his picture ' (Coning- 
ton). — ofoerret: 'go up and down the country.' — tabula caeru- 
lea: ' a sea-green board,' as might be expected from the subject. 

33-41. 'But,' resumes the interlocutor, 'your heir will object 
to your curtailing your property, and not show you the proper 
respect when you are dead. You can't expect to diminish your 
property without scath. And, in fact, you philosophers are very 
much spoken against on account of the bad example you set, the 
bad influence you have exerted on the common people.' — Well, 
what of it ? Would you care any thing about what was done to 
you or said of you after you are dead ? 

The connection is much disputed. 



SATIRE VI. 197 

33. cenam fnneris : the epulum funebre, the ' funeral baked 
meats ' of Hamlet, not the silicernium proper, not the exiguafera- 
lis cena patella of Juv., 5, 85, the scanty meal left at the funeral 
pile for the dis manibus. 

34. curtayeris : G., 542 ; A., 70, 5, b. — urnae : Do not efface 
the personal conception (G-., 344, R. 3 ; A., 51, n.) by translat- 
ing 'put into.' The urn receives; hence dabit=. t - commit,' ' con- 
sign.' 

35. inodora: Ov., Trist., 3, 3, 69: atque ea (=ossa) cum foliis 
et amomi pulvere misce; Tib., 3, 2, 23 (Jahn). — seu Spirent: 5, 3. 
— cinnama — casiae : On the Plural, see G., 195, R. 6 ; A., 14, 1, a. 
— surdum : ' faint,' a transfer from hearing to smell. On the con- 
struction, see 5, 25. 

36. ceraso : This passage is our only authority for the fraudu- 
lent admixture. Tr., ' whether the cinnamon have lost the fra- 
grance of its breath, or cassia be taken in adulteration with 
cherry-bark.' — nescire paratus : here ' fully resolved,' rather than 
as in 1, 132. 

37. tune bona incolumis minims : In his ed. of 1868 Jahn has 
followed Sinner's suggestion, and transposed parts of vv. 37 and 
41, so as to read Haec cinere ulterior metuas here, and Tune bona 
incolumis minuas below, as Hermann had done before him, only 
Hermann puts the words in the mouth, not of the objector, but 
of Persius. I am unable to see how either arrangement helps 
us out of the difficulties of the passage. In his ed. of 1843, Jahn 
makes tune bona incolumis minuas t the language of the heir, who 
asks angrily, ' Do you expect to diminish your property without 
suffering for it?' It is rather the language of the objector, who 
had just told Persius that he would miss a good funeral by cur- 
tailing his estate, and who goes on to cite Bestius, as another op- 
ponent of this new-fangled philosophy. Persius dismisses this 
tirade by the single question : ' What would all this be to you or 
me after we are dead V This gets rid of Bestius as a new speak- 
er. He is quoted by the objector. Mr. Pretor translates : ' Do 
you mean to say, Persius, that you would thus break up your 
property, while hearty and strong, instead of waiting to bequeath 
it by will on your death-bed V — incolumis : x a ' l P b)V i impune. — et : 
Others besides the heir are dissatisfied. — Bestius: the corrector 



198 NOTES. 

Bestius of Hon., Ep., 1, 15, 37, who is quoted here by the oppo- 
nent of Persius, as inveighing against doctrines that have 
taught the lower classes to waste their substance on condiments 
and spoil their wholesome fare, after the pattern of such gentle- 
men as Persius. Comp. usque recusem — cenare sine undo, v. 16, 
and ungue,puer, caules, v. 69. 

38. doctores Graios s Comp. 5, 191.— Ita fit : ' That is the way 
of it.' — sapere nostrum: 1, 9. — urbi: with venti. Venire with 
the Dai, like the Greek tXBeiv, on account of the personal inter- 
est involved, 'came' being = ' was brought,' allatum est. See 
Kiihner, A. 6r., 2, 351, and Weissenborn on Liv., 32, 6, 4. 

39. cum pipere et palinis : notoriously foreign productions. 
Comp. advectus Bomam quo prima et cottona vento, Juv., 3, 83. 
Balmis — 1 dates.' — nostrum hoes ' this new wisdom of our day.' 
—maris expers : Hor., Sat, 2, 8, 15 : Chium maris expers. The 
explanations are by no means convincing. Maris expers. (1) Not 
mixed with salt water, which was supposed to be wholesome, 
as in Horace, I.e. (2)=insulsum, Heinr., the most simple, 
'foolish philosophy,' 'insipid sapience.' (3) Devoid of manli- 
ness (Casaubon). Comp. 1, 103, 104, in which case maris would 
be a pun, as there is an evident Horatian reminiscence. See In- 
trod., xxiii. But the Horatian passage is itself variously interpret- 
ed. (4) The rendering, ' innocent of the sea,' i. e., ' home-grown,' 
is in manifest contradiction to the drift of the passage. 

40. fenisecae ; Type of the rustic laborer. Comp. fossor, 5, 122. 
Fenisecae, the plebeian spelling for fa enisecae, seems more appro- 
priate here. —crasso unguine : They can not get a good article, 
but they are determined to imitate their betters, and so they take 
a poor one. With crasso unguine comp. 3, 104 : crassis amomis. — 
yitiarunt pultes: On mtiarunt comp. 2, 65; puis is the national 
porridge, Wiefarrata olla of 4, 31. 

41. cinere ulterior: 'when you are the other side of the 
grave ' (comp. 5, 152) ; TrepaiTepw Koveojg (Casaubon). 

41-60. Persius turns on his heir: 'Glorious news has come 
of a great victory. I wish to celebrate it by games — by largess. 
Will you forbid it ? If you don't want what is left, let it alone. 
I can get somebody to take it — some beggar, perhaps, related to 
me through that son of earth, Adam.' 



SATIRE VI. 199 

42. quisquis eris : does not so much show ' the indifference 
of Persius himself to his successor as the utter lack of real per- 
sonality in the Satire. See note on 1, 44. — seductior: Comp. 2, 
4. Paulum with seductior. Comp. Petron., 13 : seduxit me 
paululum a turba; and Plaut., Asin., 5, 2, 75 ; Ter., Eun., 4, 4, 
39. The Accusative with the Comparative is rare but sure, 
Drager, 1. c. § 245, b; for examples with paulum, Sil., 15, 21; 
Stat., Theb., 10, 938 (Freund). 

43. o bone, etc. : The only passage in Persius that deals with 
the political life of his time, the only passage that has any his- 
toric force. A keen observer in his narrow sphere, Persius 
has hit off very happily the features of this droll triumph of Ca- 
ligula's. True, he was only seven years old when it took place ; 
but he lost his father when he was six, and yet recalls him vividly, 
and this parade must have made an abiding impression, whether 
he saw it or only heard of it. Caligula's German expedition is re- 
counted in Suet., Calig., 43 seqq. : ' He ordered a triumph, which 
was to be unprecedentedly splendid, and cheap in proportion, as 
he had a right to the property of his subjects — changed his 
mind, forbade any proposal on the subject under capital penalties, 
abused the senate for doing nothing, and finally entered the city 
in ovation on his birthday ' (Conington). With o bone comp. 
liens bone, 3, 94. — laurus = laureata epistola, the letter bound with 
bays, in which victories were announced. 

44. Germanae pubis: 'flower of the German army' (Pretor), 
pubes being = r)\ticia. 

45. aris | Mgidus excutitur cinis : Of course to make room 
for new sacrifices, but frigidus intimates that the ashes had had 
time to cool ; such occasions were rare. Comp. Apul., Met., 4, 
83: arae viduae frigido cinere foedatae. Aris, Dat. Excutitur 
denotes haste. ' The ashes are hustled off' — postibus : ' for the 
door-posts' (of temples, palaces, the residence of the triumphator, 
and other buildings). With the Dative comp. Juv., 6, 51 : necte 
coronam \ postibus. 

46. lutea gansapa : ' yellow wools.' The coarse fabric known 
as gausapa was used to make yellow wigs for the mock German cap- 
tives. The light hair of the Germans is a familiar characteristic, 
and a similar device is recorded of Domitian by Tacitus Agr., 

12 



200 NOTES. 

39 (Jahn). As the captives were actually Gauls, Casaubon un- 
derstands gausapa of the common Gallic costume. 

47. Caesonia: the mistress, and, after the birth of a daughter 
and the divorce of Lollia, the wife of Caligula, Suet., Cal., 25. — 
ingentis Khenos : Jahn understands statues or pictures of the 
Rhine, to be carried in procession, referring to the Jordan on the 
Arch of Titus, and citing Ov., A. A., 1, 223 seqq., for the Eu- 
phrates and Tigris. Conington adds Verg., Georg., 3, 28, for 
the Nile, and considers the Plural RTienos sarcastic. The more 
common interpretation regards Rhenos as Rhenanos. Suet., 1. c. 
47, mentions expressly the fact that Caligula picked out the 
tallest men he could find (procerissimum quemque) for the pro- 
cession. 

48. genioque ducis: On genio, see 2, 3. The genius of the 
Emperor was publicly worshipped, Ov., Fast., 5, 145. Caligula 
punished those who did not swear by his genius, Suet., Cal., 27. 
Ducis is sarcastic. ' So Juv., 4, 145 ; 7, 21, calls Domitian dux, 
with reference to a similar exploit, a sham triumph with manu- 
factured slaves ' (Conington, after Jahn). — centum paria : Comp. 
Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 85: ni sic fecissent gladiatorum dare centum] 
damnati populo paria atque epulum. The number is absurd for 
any ordinary fortune, and the extravagance of the threat destroys 
the dramatic effect on the heir. 

49. induco : The familiar Present for the Future, Induco, mr- 
Jmm harenae (Casaubon). — ande: We should say, 'I dare you' 
(Conington). 

50. oleum : Largesses of oil by Caesar and Nero are recorded 
by Suet., Caes., 38, Nero, 12 (Jahn). — artoereas: dpr6Kpeag = 
visceratio, ' bread-meat ' for ' bread-and-meat,' Outside of the nu- 
merals, such copulative compounds (dvandva in Sanskrit) are 
rare, and chiefly late. Comp. suovetaurilia, wx^fiepov, the famous 
word of seventy-nine syllables in An., Eccl., 1169, and Mod. Gr. 
avdpoywov, ' man-and-wife.' Some consider artoereas a kind of 
meat-pasty. — popello : 4, 15. 

51; 52. die clare : It were very much to be wished that he had. 
The context seems to require, on the one hand, a motive for the 
silence of the heir ; on the other, a motive for declining the in- 
heritance. The interpretation of non adeo — iuxUi est depends on 



SATIRE VI. 201 

the meaning of exossatus, which is sometimes rendered ' exhaust- 
ed, 1 ' impoverished,' ' worn out, 1 as if ' boneless ' and ' marrow- 
less ' were the same thing here ; sometimes, and with far more 
probability, ' cleared of stones. 1 A poetic allusion to the ' bones 
of Mother Earth, 1 Ov., Met, 1, 393 seqq. (Schol.), would be out 
of place, and the common culinary sense of exossatus, ' boned, 1 is 
in keeping with the homely character of Persius^ tropes. Adeo 
is sometimes considered a Verb, in the sense of adire Tiereditatem ; 
sometimes an Adverb, and connected now with prohibeo (from pro- 
hibes), now with exossatus; and, finally, some give exossatus — est 
to the heir, others to Persius. I subjoin the chief distributions 
and interpretations : 

(1.) Non adeo, inquis. Exossatus ager iuxta est. Jahn (1843). 
(Do you mean to hinder me ? Out with it.) ' Not exact- 
ly, 1 you say. Here is a worn-out field hard by. If you 
won't have it, another will. 
(2.) 'Non adeo, 1 inquis? Exossatus ager iuxta est (Co- 
nington). You won't accept the inheritance, you say? 
Here is a field, now, cleared for ploughing. 
(3.) 'Non adeo,' inquis, * exossatus ager iuxta est,' Jahn (1868), 
which may be rendered, ' I am sure that your land here is 
not in such very good order ' (that you can afford such 
extravagance). Good order or not, I can find some one to 
take it off my hands, etc. 
(4.) Hermann bases his interpretation on the Schol., and un- 
derstands non adeo exossatus ager to be a field that is not 
wholly cleared of stones, to which the heir points as a co- 
gent argument against his making a difficulty. He is 
afraid of a stoning from the people, as above he was afraid 
of doing any thing to disoblige the Emperor {Led. Pers., 
II., 64). 
(5.) Teuffel agrees with Hermann^ interpretation of exossa- 
tus, but separates non adeo, 'Not exactly. 1 See (1.). 'There 
is a field hard by from which the stones have [just] been 
dug up, 1 where they are lying in convenient heaps. 
(6.) Heinrich takes adeo to be the Verb, exossatus as ' impover- 
ished, 1 and iuxta =paene. 
(7.) Non adeo, inquis. Exossatus ager iuxta est is rendered by 



202 NOTES. 

♦ 

Mr. Pretor, ' I can't quite forbid it ; but let me suggest to 
you that your land is impoverished.' 
(8.) Konig understands the heir to say : ' I 'will not ac- 
cept. I have a well-tilled piece of land of my own hard 
by.' 
I am not ashamed to acknowledge that the only point about 
which I am convinced is the impossibility of making exossatus 
mean ' impoverished.' 

53. aniitis : Amita is the aunt by the father's side. See note 
on 2, 31. Persius left his property to his mother and sister, 
and all this string of suppositions is in keeping with the im- 
personal character of his heir. Teuffel notices the utter jumble 
of legal relations. — proneptis patrui : ' female cousin twice re- 
moved.' 

54. sterilis vixit : ' has lived barren ' means ' has died child- 
less, without issue.' 

55. nihilum : 'neither chick nor child.' — Bovillas: Bovillae 
lay between Rome and Aricia, and was the first stage on the Ap- 
pian road, hence called ' suburban ' by Ov., Fast., 3, 667 (Jahn). 
Persius had an estate in the neighborhood. 

56. clivum ad Yirbi: Martial's dims Aricinus (2, 19, 3; 12, 
32, 10), a noted station for beggars. Juv., 4, 17 : dignus Arici- 
nos qui mendicaret ad axes. Virbius was identified with Hippo- 
lytus, and worshipped as the hero of Aricia. — Manius : a typical 
beggar's name. There was a proverb: multi Mani Ariciae, 
Fest., s. v., with the explanation, multos claros vivos ibi fuisse. 
The 'Arician aristocracy ' must have become a term of contempt 

by the time of PERSIUS (7rd\ai ttot r/crav oXki/xoi MiXrjaioi). 

57. progenies terrae: is the indignant remonstrance of the 
heir, progenies terrae being = the more familiar terrae filius, Cic., 
Att., 1, 13, 4 al. ; our ' groundling' can answer only as a play on 
the word.^-quartus pater = abavus, 'great-great-grandfather.' 

58. haud prompte, dicam tamen : fioXig fiev, iup& ff '6}h»q (Co- 
nington) ; fioXig fxsv, a\\' ovv i&pw. Comp. [Dem.] 58, 26. — adde 
etiam unum = atavum, ' one step further back.' 

59. unum etiam = tritavum. 

60. ritu | generis : ' by regular descent ' (Conington). Jahn 
connects generis with avuncidus. — inaior avunculus : ami aut aviae 



SATIRE VI. 203 

avunculus est (Jahn), ' great-great-uncle.' Persius qualifies this 
statement by prope, ' something like,' but he has not only got the 
degree wrong, but has passed over to the mother's side. The 
thought of this frigidiuscula ratio, as Jahn calls it, does not need 
illustration. Still, comp. Juv., 4, 99: undefit ut malim fratercu- 
lus esse gigantum. — exit = evadit, 1, 45 ; 5, 130. 

61-74. Persius : ' You are getting impatient. Why not wait 
for your turn ? I am Fortune. Wait until I drop my purse into 
your hand, and then be satisfied with what I have left in it. Ta- 
dius oequeathed me some money. I know he did. What is that to 
you ? None of your fatherly advice about looking after my bal- 
ance at the banker's. What do I care about " balance ?" I will 
eat a good dinner, and not starve myself for your spoilt grand- 
son's sake.' 

61. qui prior es : In this form of the XapiradriQopia ' the course 
was marked out in stations, at each of which a new set of run- 
ners stood ready to take up the race, and so long as the torch re- 
mained alight, and the conditions of the race were thus fulfilled, 
it could not exchange hands except at particular stations ' (Pre- 
tor, after Jahn). Here the man in advance is represented as try- 
ing to get the torch out of Persius's hands before he has reached 
the station, while Persius is yet running (in decursu), which Jahn 
properly emphasizes. The interpretation is much disputed. — 
poscis : implies impatience. 

62. Mercurius: See note on 2, 11. 

63. pingitur: 'Epfirjg Kepdyog, 'with money-bag in hand.' 
Comp. Ar., Ach., 991, 992 : 7ru>g av kfik icai <re rig "Epug %vvayayoi 
\a/3u)V, | u><T7rep 6 yey pa/x/jievog, £%o>v arktyavov dvSrkfiojv. — vin tu 
gaudere relictis: Gaudere here almost = aycnrav, 'be thankful 
for whatever I shall leave you.' According to the ordinary rules 
of grammar, vis would be the rhetorical, vin the genuine form of 
the question (G-., 455), but ne can not be pinned down by strict 
rules, as has been remarked. See note on 1, 22. 

64. dest aliquid summae : may be an objection of the heir, or 
an anticipated objection. Persius often reminds us of Mrs. Cau- 
dle. — minui mihi : It was mine, and I diminished it to suit my- 
self. It was mine to lessen ; what is left will be all your own to 
keep. 



204 NOTES. 

65. fuge quaerere=noZz quaerere, as in Hon., Od., 1, 9, 13. 

66. neu : 3, 51. — repone : ' dish up again ;' the paterna dicta 
may be considered a crambe repetita. Conip. Quint., 2, 4, 29 : 
cum eadem iudiciis pluribus dkimt, fastidium movent velutfrigidi et 
repositi cibi. Persius is nothing if not culinary. Jahn (1868) 
reads oppone, which is clearer but tamer. Paterna d. is simply 
' the talk one hears from fathers,' severe old gentlemen on the 
stage. , 

67. faenoris— reliquum est: clearly a specimen of fatherly 
counsel. Every Polonius has something to say to his Laertes on 
this subject (Hamlet, 1,3). Persius's Polonius advises his son 
to keep an account, enter (accedat = apponatur, see note on 2, 2) 
his interest on the credit side, charge his expenses to the debit 
side, and find the remainder — in other words, to live carefully 
within the income of his property. Before the old gentleman 
gets through, Persius repeats his last word mockingly: 'Re- 
mainder ? Hang the remainder.' This is also Conington's view, 
who compares the commercial arithmetic lesson in Hor., A. P., 
327 seqq. — merces : Hor. uses merces alone in the same sense as 
faenoris merces here, Sat., 1, 2, 14. 3, 88. — nine: from the capi- 
tal, or from the interest, or from both. I am inclined to refer 
Mnc to the side of the account. 

69. ungue caules— festa luce : See note on v. 19. 

70. nrtica : Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 12, 7 : abstemius herbis \ vivis 
et urtica; and Sat., 2, 2, 117: holus fumosae cum pede pernae 
(Jahn). — sinciput: 'pig's cheek.' The swine was the common 
sacrifice and the common dish. — aure : Fissa aure seems to be 
nothing more than a picturesque detail. The pig's head was 
hung up in the smoke by a slit in its ear. 

71. tuus iste nepos : Mr. Pretor sees a trace of incompleteness 
in the mention of tuus iste nepos, ' whose existence has never be- 
fore been hinted at.' The nepos is hauled up out of the inane 
like the quisquis heir himself. — anseris extis : Comp. Juv., 5, 
114: anseris ante ipsum magni iecur. 

73. patriciae : implies great expense. This coarse combina- 
tion of sensual pleasures is an argument in favor of the old-fash- 
ioned interpretation ofCallirocn, 1, 134. — trama : Fr. trame, 'woof.' 
Such terms are apt to stick. Others translate falsely ' warp.' 



SATIRE VI. 205 

1 Trama figurae is "a thread-paper figure," as trama is the thread 
of the woof, which crosses that of the upright stamen or warp, 
and when the nap is worn off the «loths, these threads are laid 
bare.' Stocker, quoted by Pretor. 

74. tremat : ' quiver,' like jelly, ' wag.' — oniento : ' fatty caul,' 
1 fat,' 2, 47. — popa : used as a Substantive. Comp. Prol., 13. ' Al- 
derman-belly,' instead of an ' alderrnanic belly.' ' They which 
waited at the altar ' — for the popae were the priests' assistants— 
' were partakers with the altar' (1 Cor., 9, 13), and waxed fat on 
the iunicum omenta. Pretor quotes Prop., 4, 3, 62 : succinctique 
calent ad nova lucra popae. 

75-80. Commentators notice the abrupt transition. Jahn says 
that the dialogue is dropped, but who expects invariably close 
connection between two heads of a sermon ? In my judgment 
Persius is still hammering away at his impatient heir, and bids 
him earn money for himself, if he is not content to wait for Per- 
sius's death, and does not like Persius's mode of living. ' Sell 
your life, ransack the world, drive every trade. Double, treble, 
quadruple, decuple your property. But you will find that there 
is no point where you can stop, where you will be rich enough.' 

75. vende animam lucro : Casaubon comp. the Greek proverb : 
Sravarov u>viov to icspdog, and Longin., Sublim., 44 : to Ik tov 7ravTog 
Kspdaiveiv wvovfi&a tPjq -tyvxnQ' — excute : (for the last time of eight) 
' ransack.' 

76. latus mundi : Hor., Od., 1, 22, 19 (Conington). — nee =neu. 
See 1, 7. 

77. Cappadocas : The slaves of Cappadocia were, as a rule, tall 
and well grown (Petron., 63), and good litter-bearers (Mart,, 6, 
77, 4) (Jahn), but in other respects extremely undesirable cattle. 
— rigida : ' fixed upright.' Big id a e columnae, Ov., Fast., 3, 529 
(Jahn).— plausisse : So Jahn (1868). In 1843 he edited pavisse, 
and comp. quot pascit servos? Juv., 3, 141, and other passages. 
But pavisse may have been intended as a Third Conjugation Perf. 
.from pdvio, and hence = plausisse. So Longfellow uses ' dove ' for 
' dived.' Slaves were slapped to try their condition. On the 
Inf. and the Perfect, see opifex intendisse, v. 3, note. — catasta: 
1 platform.' The sense of the passage, ' Make yourself an expert 
ii\ slave flesh.' 



206 NOTES. 

78. feci — sistam : words of the avaricious man. The passage 
is imitated from Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 34 : mille tdlenta rotundentur, toti- 
dem altera, porro \ tertia suctfedant et quae pars quadret acervum. — 
quarto : as if he had written ter before. 

79. redit: the regular word for * income,' 'revenue.' Comp. 
reditus. — rugam : Buga = sinus, ' fold in a garment.' The sinus 
answers to our 'pocket,' hence 'purse.' The ruga, then, is the 
rugosum marmpium (Heinrich), or the 'yet unfilled bosom' of 
Juv., 14, 327. 'It comes into a purse that wrinkles still.' To 
bring this out more clearly Mr. Paley (ap. Pretor) puts a semico- 
lon after deciens. — depunge : So Jahn (1868) for his previous de- 
pinge. ' Prick a hole.'— ubi sistam : G-., 469, 623 ; A., 67, 2, 1. 

80. inventus : Ironical. ' So some one has been found, Chry- 
sippus, to mark the limit of your heap.' If you can find a man 
to put a bound to greed, you can find a man to solve the sorites 
of Chrysippus. The fallacy called the aiopeiTng, or aojpirrjQ, Lat. 
acervus, is often mentioned ; so in Hon., Ep., 2, 1, 47, where it is 
illustrated by pulling hair after hair from the tail of a horse, and 
taking year after year from the age of a poet. See Hamilton's 
Lectures on Logic, p. 268 (Am. ed.). 



CRITICAL APPENDIX. 



The first reading is the reading of this edition, which, in the 
absence of any statement to the contrary, coincides with Jahn's 
edition of 1868. Variations in spelling have been noted where 
they have been deemed instructive. 

J«. = Jahn, ed. of 1843. 

«R = " » 1868. 

J. = " both editions. 

H. = Hermann (1854). 

PROLOGUS. 
2. Parnaso : Parnasso, H. — 4. Heliconidas : Heliconiadas, J a ., 
H. — 5. remittor relinquo, J a . — 7. adfero: affero, J a ., H. — 8. 
chaere : xaTpe, J a ., H. — 9. picam : picas, J a . — nostra verba : verba 
nostra, H. — 12. refulserit : J". ; refulgeat, J"., H. 

SATURA I. 
6. examenque : examenve, J a ., H. — 8. nam Romae quis non : 
nam Romae est quis non, J a . — a: ac, J a . ; ah, H. — 9. turn: tunc, 
J*., H.— 11. tunc, tunc, ignoscite— 'Nolo:' J<\ ; tunc, tunc— ig- 
noscite, nolo, J"., H. — 12. splene cachinno: splene — cachinno, 
H.— 14. quod: J*., H.; quo, J".— 17. leges: legens, J<\, H.— 
19. nee: neque, J<\— 32. circa : circum, J<\— umeros : humeros, 
J-., H.— hyacinthia: hyacinthina, J*.,H.— 35. supplantat: sub- 
plantat, J".— 36. adsensere: assensere, J<\, H.— 57. protenso: 
propenso, J*.— 60. Apula : Appula, H.— tantae : tantum, Hein- 
rich, Conington. — 66. derigat: dirigat, J\, H.— 69. adferre: 
afferre, J°., H.— 74. cum: J a . ; quern, J-., H— dictatorem : dic- 
taturam, H. — 76. Acci: Atti, J-. — 78. fulta: fulta? H.— 82. 
exsultat: J% H. ; exultat, J-. — 88. men moveat? quippe et: 



208 CRITICAL APPENDIX. 

men moveat quippe et, J<\, H. — 89. protuleriin : protulerim ? 
J% H. — 91. querela: J°., Brambach; querella, J<"., H. — 93. clu- 
dere: claudere, J% H. — 95. Appennino: Apennino, J<\ — 97. 
vegrandi: praegrandi, H. — 102. euhion: evion, J a . — 111. om- 
nes, omnes: onines etenim, J a . — 114. meite: meiite, J a ., H. — 
119. nee cum scrobe? nusquain? nee cum scrobe, nusquam? 
J"., H. ; nee cum scrobe ? ' nusquam.' J a . — 130. heininas : J% 
H. ; eininas, J". 

SATUKA II. 
5. libabit : libavit al— 9. murmurat : immurmurat, J a . — 10. 
ebulliat : ebullit Cod. Mbntepessulanus. — 14. conditur : ducitur, 
J*.— pro: proh, Jv— 16. purgas? purgas. J a — 25. sulpure: 
sulfure, J a ., H. — 37. optet: optent al — 42. grandes: J a ., H. ; 
pingues, J<°.— tucceta : tuceta, J a . — 43. adnuere : annuere, J*. — 
45. arcessis: accersis, H. — 47. flammas: flamma, J a . — 48. et 
tameu : ac tamen, J a . ; at tamen, H. — 52. creterras : crateras, J a . 
— 54. excutiat : excutias, J"., H. — 61. terris : terras al. — caeles- 
tium : coelestium, J% H. — iuaues : J*., H. ; inanis, J". At vid. 
Ritschel. Prolegg. Trinum., xc. ; Neue, Formenl, 1, 257. — 62. quid 
iuyat hoc: quid iuvat, hos, H.— 66. bacam: baccam, J<\, H. — 
73. amino : animi, H. 

SATURA III. 
11. harundo : arundo, J*., H.— 12. querimur : queritur, J a . — 
uuior: humor, J a ., H.— 13. quod: J*., H. ; sed, J-.— 14. queri- 
mur : queritur, J a . — 15. hucine : huccine, J a ., H. — 17. pappare : 
papare, J a . — 29. censoremne: Casaubon. ; censoremque, J".; 
censoremve, J<\, H. — 31. Nattae ? J a ., H. ; Nattae. J". — 32. vi- 
tio et : om. et H. — 46. discere non sano : dicere et insano, H. — 
48. iure: ($): J% H.; iure etenim, J".— 53. bracatis: bracca- 
tis, H. — 56. diduxit: deduxit, H. — 58. adhuc: adhuc? J*. — 
59. malis! : malis? J*. — 60. in quod: in quo, H. — 68. qua: 
quam, H. — 73. nee: neque, J a . — 76. mena: maena, J a . — 78. 
quod sapio satis est mini : quod satis est sapio mihi, J a ., H. — 89. 
alitus: halitus, J a ., H. — 92. lagoena: lagena, J a „ H. — 94. ro- 
gabit: rogavit, J a — 94. istuc: istud, J% H.— 99. sulpureas 
exalante: sulfureas exhalante, JK, H. — mefltes: mephites, J°. 



CRITICAL APPENDIX. 209 

— 100. Mental: J a . ; trientem, J"., H. — 105.*rigidas : rigidos, 
J a . — 112. holus: olus, J a ., H. 

SATURA IV. 
3. hoc : o, H. — 9. hoc puta : hoc, puta, H. ; puto, Heinr. — 
13. theta: theta? H. — 19. exspecta: expecta, J". — suffla: 
sufla, J"". — 26. miluus errat : milvus oberret, J a . ; railvus ober- 
rat, H. — 31. farrata olla: farratam ollam, J% H. — 35. hi mo- 
res: in mores, J a . — 38. exstat: extat, JK — 48. renit amarum: 
H. ; venit, amarum, J". ; venit amorum, J a . — sed mox jpaenihdt. 
Vid. Prolegg., 193, 1. 

SATURA V. 
3. maesto: moesto, J*., H. — 8. Prognes: Procnes, H. — 9. 
cenanda: coenanda, J a ., H.— 13. scloppo : stloppo, J a ., H. — 17. 
dicis : dicas, J a ., H. — 19. bullatis : pullatis, J a . ; ampnllatis propo- 
suit J — 24. dinoscere : dignoscere, J<\— 35. deducit: J*., H. ; di- 
ducit, J". — 38. apposita : J% H. ; adpos., JK — 58. cheragra : chi- 
ragra, J a . — 66. ' eras hoc flet.' Idem eras flet : eras hoc fiet idem 
— Cras net ? H. — 68, consumpsimus : consumsimus, J a . — 71. 
caiitum : canthum, J a ., H. — 76. tressis : J% H. ; tresis, J<". — 82. 
pillea: pilea, J*., H. — 102. nayem: navim, J a . — 105. speciem 
dinoscere: specimen dignoscere, J\ — 110. astringas: adstrin- 
gas, J°. — 112. glutto : gluto, J<\— 117. sub : J a ., H. ; in, J w .— 119. 
exsere: J a ., H. ; exere, J-. — 122. cetera: caetera, J*.— 123. 
tris: ties, H. — satyrum: satyri, J a . — 127. ^cessas nugator:' 
J a . ; cessas nngator, J w ., H. Vid. Comment. — 131. erilis : heri- 
lis, J<\, H.— 132. heia: eia, J a .— 135. hebenuni: ebenum, J a ., H. 
— 136. ex : e, J a .— camelo : J°., H. ; camello, J w . — 138. yaro : 
J a . ; baro, J"., H. — 142. ni : nisi, J a ., H. — 145. exstinxerit : J a ., 
H. ; extinxerit, J w . — 146. transilias : transsilias, J a . — 147. cena: 
coena, J a ., H.—148. exalet : exhalet, J a ., H.— 149. numini : J a . ; 
nummos, J™., H.— 150. pergant aridos sndare : J a . ; peragant avi- 
do sudore, J u ., H. — 155. huncine : hunccine, J"., H. — 159. et ta- 
men : ac tamen, J a . ; ast tamen, H.— 163. adrodens : abrodens, 
J a . — 165. obscennm : obscoenum, J a . — 172. nee nunc: ne nunc, 
J a . — arcessat: accersar, H. ; arcessor al. — 174. exieras: exieris 
dl. — nee nunc : ne nunc, J*. — 190. Pulfennius : Fulfennius, J a . 



210 CKITICAL APPENDIX. 

SATURA VI. 
5. iocis: Heinr. ex coni.; iocos, J., H., Codd. — 6. egregius: 
egregios al. — senes: senex, H. — 16. cenare: coenare, J% H. — 
17. lagoena: lagena, J°., H. — 20. tingat: J% H., Bramb. ; tin- 
guat, J".— holus : olus, J<\, H.— empta : emta, J% H.— 24. te- 
nuis salivas : tenuem salivarn, J a . — 30. dii : Brambach ; dei, J., 
H. — 31. caespite: Branibach; cespite, J., H. — 33. cenam: coe- 
nani, J a ., H.— 34. negleget: negliget, J°., H.— 37. tune bona 
incolumis minuas : J a . ; haee verba et v. 41 verba haec — metuas 
transposuit Sinnerus quern secuti sunt J", et H. — 40. fenisecae : fae- 
nisecae,J a .; foenisecae, H. — 50.conives: connives, J a .,H. — 51. in- 
quis: inquis. J a — 64. dest: deest, J a .,H— 66.Tadius: StadiusJ". 
— repone: J a .,H.; oppone, J". — 67.faenoris: Brambach; fenoris, 
J w .; foenoris, J a ., H. — sumptus: surntus, J a . — ungue: unge, J°. — 
69. coquetur: coquatur, J% H. — 77. plausisse: pavisse,J a . — 79. 
depunge : depinge, J a ., H. 



INDEX. 



A. 

abaco, 1, 131. 
abavus, 6, 57 (note). 
Ablative in 1,1, 62. 83. 

not necessarily locative, 

Prol., 1; 2,35; 6,8. 
accerso, 2, 45. 
Acci, 1, 76. 
accipio, 5, 87. 

Accusative cognate, Prol., 14 ; 1,11. 
106; 3, 59. 110; 4, 
34 ; 5, 25. 106. 123. 
190; 6,35. 

for abl., 6, 42. 
acerra, 2, 5. 
aceti morientis, 4, 32. 
aceto lotus, 5, 86. 
acre despuat, 4, 34. 
acre servitium, 5, 127. 
acri iunctura, 5,1 4. 
actus teneat, 5, 99. 
ad, 5, 123. 

adductis amicis, 3, 47. 
adeo, 6, 14. 51. 
adferre sensus, 1 , 69. 
adflate, 1,123. 
Adjective for Subst., 1, 107 ; 2, 74 ; 

3,52. 
admissus, 1, 117. 
admovere templis, 2, 75. 
adnuere his, 2, 43. 
adrodens, 5, 163. 
adsensere viri, 1, 36. 
adsigna tabellas, 5, 81. 
adsonat, 1, 102. 
ad verso, ex adv. dicere, 1 , 44. 
Aegaeum rapere, 5, 142. 
aegroti veteris, 3, 83. 



Aegyptus, sons of, 2, 56 (note), 
aenos fratres, 2, 56. 
aequali Libra, 5, 47. 
aera iuvenci, 3, 39. 

Saturnia, 2, 59. 
aerumnis, 1 , 78. 
aerumnosi, 3, 79. 
agaso, 5, 76. 
agedum, 2, 22. 
ager exossatus, 6, 52. 
agitare iocos (?), 6, 5. 
Ague, semitertian, 3, 91. 
ait (indef. person), 1, 40. 
alba, 1,110. 
albata, 2, 40. 
albo ventre, 3, 98. 
albus cum sardonyche, 1,16. 

timor, 3, 115. 
Alcibiades, 4, 3 (note), 
alea, 5, 57. 

algente catino, 3, 111. 
alges, 3, 115. 
aliquid, 3, 60 ; 5, 137. 
aliquis, 3, 8. 
alitus gravis, 3, 89. 
alii caput, 5, 188. 
ambages succinis, 3, 20. 
ambiguum iter, 5, 34. 
ambitio cretata, 5, 177. 
amitis, 6, 53. 
amomis crassis, 3, 104. 
amplexa catinum, 5, 182. 
an, 1, 41. 

anceps, 4, 11; 5, 156. 
anguis duos, 1, 113. 
angulus, 6, 13. 
anhelo, 1, 14; 5, 10. 
animae pars, 5, 23. 
animam vende, 6, 75. 



212 



INDEX. 



anne, 3, 39. 

anseris exta, 6, 71. 

ante boves, 1, 74. 

Anticyras, 4, 16. 

Antiopa, 1, 78. 

antithetis rasis, 1, 86. 

anus, 4, 19. 

Aorist descriptive, 3, 101 ; 5, 187. 

gnomic, 2, 5. 

infinitive, 1,132; 2,66; 5, 
33; 6,77. 
aperto voto, 2, 7. 

aTTOTpOTTOKTl SctlflOGt, 5, 167. 

Appennino, 1, 95. 

apponit annos, 2, 2. 

apposita regula, 5, 38. 

apricatio, 4, 18. 19. 33 (note). 

aprici senes, 5, 179. 

aptius, 1, 45. 

A pul a canis, 1 , 60. 

acpialiculus, 1, 57. 

arator peronatus, 5, 102. 

aratra, 1, 75. 

aratro, 4, 41. 

Arcadiae pecuaria, 3, 9. 

Arcesilas, 3, 79. 

arcessat, 5, 172. 

arcessis, 2, 45. 

arcum dirigere, 3, 60. 

argenti creterras, 2, 52. 

seria, 2, 10. 
argento modus, 3, 69. 
Aricia, 6, 56 (note), 
avis excutere, 6, 44. 
aristas excutere, 3, 1 1 5. 
Aristophanes, 1, 124 (note), 
arma virum, 1,96. 
Arreti, 1, 130. 
ars=philosophia, 5, 105. 
articulos fregerit, 5, 59. 
artifex ponere, 1, 71. 

sequi, Prol. , 11. 
artificem vultum, 5, 40. 
artis magister, Prol. , 10. 
artocreas, 6, 50. 
asini, 1, 121. 
asper nummus, 3, 69. 
ast, 2, 39. 
astringas, 5, 110. 
Astrology, 5, 46 (note). 



astutam vulpem, 5, 117. 

at, 1,28; 5,62. 

atavus, 6, 58 (note). 

atque (after compar.), 5, 131. 

Atti, 1, 50. 

Attis, 1, 93, 105. 

Attribute for effect, Prol., 4 ; 1, 

17. 
audaci Cratino, 1, 123. 
aude, 6, 49. 

auratis laquearibus, 3, 40. 
aure vaporata, 1, 126. 
aurem lotus, 5, 86. 
aures bibulas, 4, 50. 
auriculas albas, 1 , 59. 

asini, 1, 121. 

emere, 2, 30. 

radere, 1, 108. 
auro ovato, 2, 55. 
pingui, 2, 52. 
subaerato, 5, 106. 
auster infelix, 6, 12. 
aut and an, 5, 5. 
avaritia, 5, 132. 
avia, 2, 31. 
avias veteres, 5, 92. 
avunculus maior, 6, 60. 
axe secundo, 5, 72. 

B. 

bacam concbae, 2, 66. 
balanatum, 4, 37. 
balba nare, 1, 33. 
balnea, 5, 126. 
balteus, 4, 44. 
barba aurea, 2, 58. 
barbatus magister, 4, 1 . 
Bassaris, 1, 101. 
Bassus Caesius, 6, 1 (note). 
Bathylli, 5, 123. 
Baucis, 4, 21. . 
beatulus, 3, 103. 
belle, 1, 49. 
bellum (adj.), 1,87. 
bene, 1, 111; 4,30. 
Berecyntius, 1, 93. 
Bestius, 6, 37. 
beta, 3, 114. 
bibulas aures, 4, 50. 
bicipiti Parnaso, Prol., 2. 



INDEX. 



213 



bicolor membrana, 3, 10. 
bidental, 2, 27. 
bile acri, 2, 14. 

commota, 4, 6. 
bilis mascula, 5, 144. 

vitrea, 3, 8. 
Birthday, 2,1. 
bis terque, 2, 16. 
Blaesus Pedius, 1 , 85 (note), 
blandi comites, 5, 32. 
blando popello, 4, 15. 
bombis, 1 , 99. 
bona mens, 2, 8. 

pars, 2, 5. 
bone, 3, 94 ; 6, 43. 
fiovSrvreZv, 2, 44. 
bove caeso, 2, 44. 
Bovillas, 6, 55. 
bracatis Medis, 3, 53. 
Brisaei, 1, 76. 
Bruto liberi 
bruma, 6, 1. 
Bruttia saxa, 6, 27. 
buccas tumidas, 5, 13. 
bulla donata, 5, 31. 
bullatis nugis, 5, 19. 
bullit, 3, 34. 
buxum torquere, 3, 51. 

C. 

caballino fonte, Prol., 1. 
cachinno, 1,12. 
cachinnos ingeminare, 3, 87. 
caeco occipiti, 1, 62. 
caecum vulnus, 4, 44. 
caedimus, 4, 42. 
caelestium inanes, 2, 61. 
caerulea tabula, 6, 33. 
caepe tunicatum, 4, 31. 
caeso bove, 2, 44. 
Caesonia, 6, 47. 
caespite vivo, 6, 31. 
Calabrum vellus, 2, 65. 
calamo, 3, 12. 19. 
calcaverit, 2, 38. 
calces extendit, 3, 105. 

gender of, ib. 
calet, 3, 108. 
calice, 6, 20. 
calidae turbae, 4, 7. 



calidum sumen, 1 , 53. 

triental, 3, 100. 
Caligula, 6, 43 (note), 
callem surgentem, 3, 57. 
calles, 4, 5. 
callidus, 5, 14. 

suspendeve naso, 1,118. 
Calliroen, 1, 134. 
caloni, 5, 95. 
calve, 1, 56. 
camelo sitiente, 5, 136. 
Camena hortante, 5, 21. 
camino coquitur, 5, 10. 
campo indulgere, 5, 57. 
candelae, 3, 103. 
candidus dies, 2, 2. 

umbo, 5, 33. 
canem cave, 1, 109 (note), 
canicula, 3, 5. 

damnosa, 3, 49. 
canina littera, 1, 109. 
canis (capillis), 5, 65. 
canis Apula, 1, 60. 
cano capiti, 1, 83. 
canitiem, 1, 9. 
cannabe, 5, 146. 
cantare ocima, 4, 22. 

nectar, Prol., 14. 
cantum, 5, 71. 
capedines, 2, 59 (note), 
capillis positis, 3, 10. 
capite et pedibus, 5, 18. 

induto, 3, 1 06. 

obstipo, 3, 80. 
capiti cano, 1 , 83. 
Cappadocas, 6, 77. 
caprificus, 1, 25. 
caput alii, 5, 1 88. 

laxum, 3, 58. 
carbone notare, 5, 108. 
carere culpa, 3, 33. 
carmen robustum, 5, 5. 
carpamus dulcia, 5, 151. 
casia, 2, 64 ; 6, 36. 
casses artos, 5, 170. 
castigare examen, 1 , 7. 
castoreum, 5, 1 35. 
catasta, 6, 77. 
catenae, 5, 160'. 
catino, 3, 111. 



214 



INDEX. 



catinum rubrum, 5, 182. 
Catonis morituri, 3, 45. 
caudam iactare, 4, 1 5. 
caules ungue, 6, 69. 
causas rerum, 3, 66. 
cautus dinoscere, 5, 24. 
cedo, 2, 75. 
cedro, 1 , 42. 
celsa sede, 1, 17. 
cena funeris, 6, 33. 
cenanda, 5, 9. 
censen, 5, 1 68. 
censorem tuum, 3, 29. 
centenas voces, 5, 26. 
centeno gutture, 5, 6. 
centum voces poscere, 5, 1 . 

pavia, 6, 48. 
centuriones, 5, 189. 
centurionum, 3, 77. 
centusse curto, 5, 191. 
ceraso peccent, 6, 36. 
cerdo, 4, 51. 
certo puncto, 5, 1 00. 
cervice laxa, 1, 98. 
cervices purpureas, 3, 41. 
cessas, 5, 127. 
cesses, 4, 33. 
cessit pavido, 5, 30. 
ceves, 1, 87. 

chaere = x ai P E i Prol. , 8. 
Chaerestratus, 5, 162. 
chartae, 3, 11. 
chartis nocturnis, 5, 62. 
cheragra, 5, 58. 
Cherry pit, 3, 50. 
chlamydes, 6, 46. 
chordae, 6, 2. 
chrysendeta, 2, 52 (note). 
Chrysidis, 5, 165. 
Chrysippus, 6, 80. 
cicer, 5, 177. 
ciconia, 1, 58. 
cicutae, 4, 2 ; 5, 145. 
Cincinnatus, 1, 73 (note), 
cinere ulterior, 6, 41. 
cinis, 5, 152. 
cinis frigidus, 6, 45. 
cippus, 1 , 37. 
cirratorum, 1, 29. 
citius, 5, 95. 



citreis lectis, 1, 53. 
cives, 6, 9. 
cladem, 6, 44. 
clamare sese, 2, 23. 
clauso murmure, 5, 11. 
Cleanthea fruge, 5, 64. 
clivum Virbi, 6, 56. 
cludere versum, 1, 93. 
Coa lubrica, 5, 135. 
cocta fidelia, 3, 22. 
cognatis siccis, 5, 164. 
colligis = (jvWoyi&i, 5, 85. 
collo orcae, 3, 50. 
collueris, 1, 18. 
columbo, 3, 16. 
comitem, 1, 54. 
comites, 5, 32. 
comitum, 3, 7. 
committere, 2, 4. 
commota bile, 4, 6. 
conari, Prol., 9. 
conchae baca, 2, 66. 
concordia fata, 5, 49. 
condidit Ionio, 6, 29. 
conditur uxor, 2, 14. 
conives, 6, 50. 
conpage soluta, 3, 68. 
conpescere examen, 5, 100. 
conpita, 4, 28 ; 5, 35. 
conpositas venas, 3, 91. 
conpositum ius, 2, 73. 
conpositus lecto, 3, 104. 
consentire, 5, 46. 
consumere eras, 5, 68. 
soles, 5, 41. 
contemnere, 3, 21. 
Copulative compounds, 6, 50. 
coquere messis, 3, 6. 
vellus, 2, 65. 
coquitur massa, 5, 10. 
cor Enni, 6, 10. 

luctificabile, 1, 78. 
corbes, 1, 71. 
cornea, 1 , 47. 
cornicaris, 5, 12. 
cornua torva, 1, 99. 
Cornute, 5, 23. 37. 
corrupto olivo, 2, 64. 
cortice pingui, 1, 96. 
corvos poetas, Prol., 13. 



INDEX. 



215 



corvos sequi, 3, 61. 
corymbis, 1, 101. 
costa ratis, 6, 31. * 
costam subduximus, 1, 95. 
eras hesternum, 5, 68. 
crassa tucceta, 2, 42. 
Crassi aedes, 2, 36. 
crassis amomis, 3, 104. 
crassos dies, 5, 60. 
crassum ridere, 5, 190. 
Craterus, 3, 65. 
Cratinus, 1, 123. 
crepet, 2, 11. 

solidum, 5, 25. 
crepidas, 1, 127. 
erepuere dentes, 3, 101. 
creta notare, 5, 108. 
cretata ambitio, 5, 177. 
cribro populi, 3, 112. 
crispante naso, 3, 87. 
Oispini balnea, 5, 126. 
cradi, 1, 51. 
crudis, 1, 92. 
crudo pulvere, 2, 67. 
crudum unguem, 5, 162. 
crura praebere, 4, 42. 
cubito tangere, 4, 34. 
cuinam? cuinam? 2, 19. 
cuivis, 2, 6. 
culpa carere, 3, 33. 
cultor iuvenum, 5, 63. 
cultrix foci, 3, 26. 
cum = postquam, 1, 9. 
cuminum, 5, 55. 
cunis exemit, 2, 31. 
curas hominum, 1, 1. 
curata cuticula, 4, 18. 
Curibus, 4, 26. 
euro, 3, 78. 
curta supellex, 4, 52. 
curtare rem, 6, 34. 
curto centusse, 5, 191. 
curva, 4, 12. 
curvae in terris, 2, 61. 
curvos mores, 3, 52. 
curvus, 6, 16. 
custos purpura, 5, 30. 
cute, in c. figere, 4, 33. 

in c. novi, 3, 30. 

perditus, 1, 23. 

K 



cuticula curata, 4, 18. 
cutis aegra, 3, 63. 
Cybele, 5, 186 (note), 
cynico, 1, 133. 

D. 

SctKrvKodtucTtitrSrai, 1, 28. 
Dama, 5, 76. 79. 
damnosa canicula, 3, 49. 
Damocles, 3, 39 (note). 
Danaides, 2, 56 (note). 
dare verba, 3, 19 ; 4, 45. 
Dative case, 1, 116. 126; 6, 34. 
datum seutire, 5, 124. 
Davus, 5, 161. 
decenter, 1, 84. 
decerpere, 5, 42. 
decipe nervos, 4, 45. 
decoctius, 1, 125. 
decoquit, 5, 57. 
decor, 1, 92. 
decorus pelle, 4, 1 4. 
decursu, 6, 61. 
decussa farina, 3, 112. 
dedecus, 1, 81. 

obsto, 5, 163. 
deducit, 5, 35. 
defigere culpam, 5, 16.- 
deinde, 4, 8 ; 5, 143. 
dtHJidaifiojv, 2, 31. 
delphin, 1, 94. 
delumbe, 1, 104. 
demersus, 3, 34. 
demorsos, 1, 106. 
demum, 1 , 64. 
dentalia terens, 1, 73. 
dente peragere, 6, 21. 
dentes retecti,*3, 101. 
depellentibus dis, 5, 167. 
deposcere voces, 5, 26. 
deprendere mores, 3, 52. 
depunge, 6, 79. 
deradere limum, 4, 29. 
derigere, 1, 6Q. 
descendere in sese, 4, 23. 
despuat, 4, 35. 
despumare, 3, 3. 
destertuit, 6, 10. 
detonsa, 3, 54. 
deunces, 5, 150. 



216 



INDEX. 



dexter senio, 3, 48. 
dextro Hercule, 2, 1 2. 

love, 5, 114:. 
dia, 1,31. 
Dice, 3, 48. 
dicenda tacenda, 4, 5. 
dicier, 1, 28. 
dictarunt, 1, 52. 
dictata, 1, 29. 
dictatorem induit, 1, 74. 
diducere ramos, 3, 56. 
dies Herodis, 5, 1 80. 
digito infami = medio, 2, 33. 

monstrari, 1, 28. 
digitum exsere, 5, 119. 
digna cedi'o, 1, 42. 
dilutas guttas, 3, 14. 
Dinomaches, 4, 20. 
dinoscere cautus, 5, 25. 

speciem, 5, 105. 
dirimebat, 1 , 94. 
discernere rectum, 4, 11. 
discincti ISTattae, 3, 31. 
discincto vernae, 4, 22. 
discolor usus, 5, 52. 
discrepet, 6, 18. 
discutitur, 2, 25. 
dis depellentibus, 5, 167. 

iratis, 4, 27. 
disponere, 5, 43. 
Dissimilation, 1, 72. 
dissutis malis, 3, 59. 
diteseant, 6, 1 5. 

diversum, in d. scindere, 5, 154. 
dividere in Geminos, 5, 49. 
doctas figuras, 1, 86. 
doctores Graios, 6, 38. 
dolorcs finire, 5, 161." 
dolosi nummi, Prol., 12. 
domini, 5, 130. 
domo maiore, 3, 92. 
dpcnrtTtvtiv, 1, 156. 
ducere bona, 2, 63. 

ferrum, 5, 4. 

ramum, 3, 28. 

vultum, 5, 40. 
duci ab uno sidere, 5, 46." 
dacis genio, 6, 48. 
dnm, 3, 4 ; 5, 10. 
dum ne, 4, 21. 



duplici hamo, 5, 154. 
durum hoi us, 3, 112. 

E. 

ebria, 1 , 50. 

ebulliat, 2, 10. 

ecce, 1,30; 2, 31. 

echo, 1, 102. 

edictum, 1, 134. 

effluis, 3, 20. 

effundat, 1, 65. 

egerit, 5, 69. 

egregius lusisse, 6, 6. 

ehv, 4, 20. 

kicoeitiv, 1, 49. 

elargiri, 3, 71. 

elegidia, 1, 51. 

kXevSspiog Zevc, 5, 114. 

elevet, 1, 6. 

eliquat, 1, 35. 

Elision, 4, 14. 

elixas, 4, 40. 

Ellipsis, 1,4; 3, 19; 5, 139; 6,29. 

emaci prece, 2, 3. 

emeruit, 5, 74. 

emole, 6, 26. 

ijUTTtttora, 2, 52. 

empta in calice, 6, 20. 

emunctae naris, 1, 118. 

en, 1, 26. 

enarrabile, 5, 29. 

enim, 1, 63. 

Enni cor, 6, 10. 

Ennius, Prol., 2 ; 6, 10 (note). 

ensis, 3, 40. 

Epithets, general, Prol., 12. 

epulis, 5, 42. 

equidem, 1, 110; 5,19.45. 

Ergenna, 2, 26. 

erilis metus, 5, 131. 

error, 5, 34. 

escas, 1, 22. . 

esseda, 6, 47. 

estne ut, 2, 18. 

esto, 1, 20. 

etenim, 3, 48. 

r/ rig fj ovdeig, 1, 3. 

Etruscan rites, 2, 36. 

Etymology of ast, 2, 39. 

bidental, 2, 27. , 



INDEX. 



217 



Etymology of conpita, 4, 28. 

fagus, 5, 59. 

Palilia, 1, 72. 

scloppus, 5, 13. 

sodes, 3, 89. 

sollers, 5, 142. 

surdus, 6, 35. 

usque, 6, 15. 

varo (baro), 5, 138. 
euge, 1, 49. 75. 111. 
euhion, 1, 102. 
Eupolis, 1, 124. 
evitandum,"2, 27. 
exalare, 3, 99 ; 5, 148. 
examen, 1,6; 5, 100. 
excussit aristas, 3, 115. 
excusso naso, 1, 118. 
excute, 1 , 49 ; 6, 75. 
excutiat guttas, 2, 54. 
excutienda, 5, 22. 
excutit e manibus, 3, 101. 
excutitur cinis, 6, 45. 
exire, 1, 46; 5, 78. 130. 174; 6, 60. 
exossatus ager, 6, 52. 
expedivit, Prol., 7. 
expers maris, 6, 39. 
expiare frontem r 2, 34. 
exporrecto, 3, 82. 
expungam, 2, 13. 
exsere digitum, 5, 119. 
exspes, 2, 50. 
exstet aqualiculus, 1, 57. 
exstinxerit, 5, 145. 
exsultat, 1, 82. 
exsuperat, 3, 89. 
extendit calces, 3, 105. 
mores, 5, 38. 
rimas, 3, 2. 
extrinsecus, 5, 128. 

F. 
fabula, 5, 3. 152. 
face exstincta, 5, 166. 
supposita, 3, 116. 
facere with inf., 1, 44. 
faecem pannosam, 4, 32. 
faeno fumosa, 1, 72. 
faenoris merces, 6, 67. 
fagi, 5, 59. 
Falernum, 3j 3. 



fallere sollers, 5, 37. 

fallier, 3, 50. 

fallit regula, 4, 12. 

far modicum, 3, 25. 

farina, 3, 112; 5, 115. 

farrago, 5, 77. 

farrata olla, 4, 31. 

farre litabo, 2, 75. 

fas, 1,61; 2, 73; 5,99. 

fata, 5, 49. 

favilla, 1, 39. 

faxit, 1,112. 

fenestra, 5, 180. 

fenestras, 3, 1. 

fenisecae, 6, 40. 

fermentum, 1 , 24. 

ferrum, 5, 4. 

fert animus, 4, 7. 

ferto opimo, 2, 48. 

ferus, 5, 171. 

ferveat lector, 1, 126. 

fervebit olla, 5, 9. 

ferventi veneno, 3, 37. 

ferventis massae, 2, 67. 

fervescit sanguis, 3, 116. 

fervet plebecula, 4, 6. 

festa luce, 6, 69. 

festuca, 5, 175. 

fibra, 1, 47; 2, 26. 45; 3, 32; 5, 

29. 
fictile, 2, 60. 
fidele senectae, 2, 41. 
fidelia non cocta, 3, 22. 

putet, 3, 73. 

tumet, 5, 183. 
fidelibus nata, 5, 48. 
figere iugum, 4, 28. 

solem, 4, 33. 

terram, 3, 80. 
figurae trama, 6, 73. 
figuras ponere, 1, 86. 
filix, 4, 41. 

Final sentence elliptical, 1, 4. 
findor, 3, 9. 
fingendus, 3, 24. 
finire dolores, 5, 161. 
finis, 1 , 48 ; 5, 65. 
fissa aure, 6, 70. 
fistula, 3, 14. 
fixum nummum, 5, 111. 



218 



INDEX. 



Flaccus, 1, 116. 
flagellas puteal, 4, 49. 
flexus metae, 3, 68. 
Floralia, 5, 178. 
foci cultrix, 3, 26. 
foco admovit, 6, 1. 
focus, 1, 72. 
foedere certo, 5, 45. 
folle, 5, 11. 

fonte caballino, Prol. , 1. 
forcipe, 4, 40. 
fores udas, 5, 166. 
fortunare, 2, 45. 
fossor, 5, 122. 
fractus, 1, 18. 
frangere Saturnum, 5, 50. 

rem patriam, 5, 165. 
fratres aenos, 2, 56. 
fretus, 4, 3. 
frigere, 3, 109. 
frigescant, 1, 109. 
frigidus cinis, 6, 45. 
frontem perisse, 5, 104. 
fronte politus, 5, 116. 
fruge Cleanthea, 5, 61. 
fulta, 1, 78. 
fulto, 5, 146. 
fumo dare pondus, 5, 20. 
fumosa Palilia, 1, 72. 
fumosum sinciput, 6, 70. 
fundo imo, 2, 51* 
funem reduco, 5, 118. 
funeris cena, 6, 33. 
funus praeclarum, 2, 1 0. 
fur, 1, 85. 
Future as imperative, 1,91. 

gnomic, 2, 5. 

participle, 1, 100. 

G. 

Gabinus cinctus, 5, 31 (note). 

Galli, 5, 186. 

garrit, 5, 96. 

gaudere = ayct7rav, 6, 63. 

paratus, 1, 132. 
gausape, 4, 37 ; 6, 46. 
gemina lance, 4, 10. 
geminet guttas, 3, 1 4. 
Geminos (in G.) dividere, 5, 49. 

producis, 6, 18. 



generoso honesto, 2, 74. 
Genitive of material, 2, 52. 
free use of, 1, 14. 
genius, 1 , 113 ; 2, 3 ; 4, 27 ; 5, 151 ; 

.6, 19. 48. 
genuinum, 1, 115. 
glutto, 5, 112. 
Glyconi, 5, 9. 
graece nugari, 1, 70. 
Graiorum, 1, 127. 
Graios, 6, 38. 
grana, 5, 55. 
granaria, 5, 110; 6,25. 
grande loqui, 1, 14 ; 5, 7. 
grandes Galli, 5, 186. 

patinae, 2, 42. 
grandi polenta, 3, 55. 
grandia, 3, 45. 
gravis alitus, 3, 89. 

Saturnus, 5, 50. 
gurgite, 2, 15. 
gurgulio, 4, 38. 
guttas excutere, 2, 54. 
gutture exalare, 3, 99. 
niti, 5, 6. 

H. 

habita tecum, 4, 52. 

haeres, 2, 19. 

hamo duplici, 5, 154. 

hebenum, 5, 135. 

hederae, Prol., 6. 

Helicone, 5, 7. 

Heliconidas, Prol., 4. 

Hellebore, 3, 63 ; 4, 16 ; 5, 100. 

heminas, 1, 130. 

Hendiadys, 2, 52 ; 5, 13 i. 

herba, 6," 26. 

Hercule dextro, 2, 12. 

heres proximus, 2, 12. 

'Epfirjg Kepdyog, 6, 51. 

heroas sensus, 1, 69. 

Herodis dies, 5, 1 80. 

hesterni Quirites, 3, 106. 

hesternum eras, 5, 68. 

oscitat, 3, 59. 
hianda, 5, 3. 



hibernat, 6, 7. 



INDEX. 



219 



hircosa, 3, 77. ; 
Historic present, 4, 2. 
holus durum, 3, 112. 
siccum, 6, 20. 
hominum, 1,1. 
honesto generoso, 2, 74. 
horoscope, 6, 18. 
horridulus, 1, 54. 
hospes, 2, 8. 
hucine rerum, 3, 15. 
huraana re, 3, 72. 
humilis susurros, 2, 6. 
hyacinthia, 1, 32. 
Hypallage, 3, 4. 50. 57. 
Hyperbaton, 1, 23; 6, 13. 
Hypsipylas, 1, 34. 



iactare caudam, 4, 15. 



iam, 5, 33. 

nunc, 5, 110. 
lane, 1, 58. 
idcirco, 2, 28. 
idonea dare, 5, 20. 
iecore, 1, 25. 

aegro, 5, 129. 
igitur, 1, 98 ; 4, 14. 
ignovisse, 2, 24. 
ilex, 2, 24. 
ilia, 4, 43. 

Ilias Atti, 1, 50. 123. 
imagines, Prol., 5; 3, 28. 
Imperfect of a false impression, 5, 

93. 
inane, 1, 1. 

inanes caelestium, 2, 61. 
inclusi, 1, 13. 
incoctum honesto, 2, 74. 
incolumis, 6, 37. 
increpuit, 5, 127. 
increvit fibris, 3, 32. 
incurvasse, 1, 91. 
incusa auro, 2, 52. 
incutere deos, 5, 187. 
inde, 1, 126; 5, 153. 
indomitum Fj 
induco, 6, 49. 
indulge genio, 5, 151. 
induto capite, 3, 106. 



inepte cornicari, 5, 1 2. 

ineptus lictor, 5, 1 75. 

inexpertum deprendere, 3, 52. 

infami digito, 2, 33. 

infelix auster, 6, 13. 

Infinitive, perf. instead of present, 

Prol., 2; 1, 42. 91. 

132; 2,66; 4, 7. 17; 

5, 24.33; 6,4. 6. 17. 

77. 
for gerund, etc., Prol., 

11; 1,59.70. 118; 2, 

34. 54 ; 3, 51 ; 4, 16 ; 

5, 20. 24. 37. 100 ; 6, 

3. 24. 36. 77. 
as a subst. with demonst. 

and possessive, 1. 9. 

27. 123; 5,53; 6,' 38. 
nursery infinitives, 3, 

18. 
in exclamation, 1, 24 ; 4, 

36. 
passive in -er, 1 , 28 ; 3, 

50. 
for subjunctive, 5, 46. 
inflantis corpora, 1, 187. 
infodiam, 1, 120. 
infundere monitus, 1 , 79. 
infusa lympha, 3, 13. 
ingemere, 4, 13. 

vitam, 5, 61. 
ingeminat, 1, 102; 3, 87. 
ingeni largitor, Prol. , 10. 
ingenium, 4, 4. 
ingentis Titos, 1, 20. 
ingenuo ludo, 5, 1 6. 
ingerere, 5, 6. 177. 
inhibere perita, 2, 34. 
iniquas heminas, 1, 130. 
inlita Medis, 3, 53. 
inmeiat vulvae, 6, 73. 
inmittere templis, 2, 62. 
inodoi'a, 6, 35. 
inpallescere chartis, 5, 62. 
inpellere, 2, 13. 59; 5, 128. 

aurem, 2, 21. 
inpensius, 6, 68. 
in probe, 4, 47. 
inriguo somno,5, 56. 
inrorans piper, 6,. 21., 



220 



INDEX. 



insana canicula, 3, 5. 
inscitia debilis, 5, 99. 
in severe aures, 5, 63. 
Insolatio, 3, 33. 98 ; 4, 18 ; 5, 179. 
insomnis, 3, 54. 
.inspice, 3, 88. 
instanti imperio, 5, 157. 
insulso Glyconi, 5, 9. 
intabescant, 3, 38. 
integer, 5, 173. 
intendisse numeris, 6, 4. 
intepet ora, 6, 7. 

Interrogative dependent in Indica- 
tive, 3, 67. 
intima, 1, 21. 
intortos mores, 5, 38. 
introrsura, 2, 9. 
intumuit bilis, 5, 145. 
intus novi, 3, 30. 

pallere, 3, 42. 
i nunc, 4, 19. 
invigilat, 3, 55. 
Ionio condere, 6, 29. 
love nostro, 5, 50. 

dextro, 5, 114. 
iratis dis, 4, 27. 
iratum Eupolidem, 1, 124. 
Ironical 1st Person, 3, 3. 
Isis, 5, 186 (note). 
Italo honore, 1, 129. 
iubeo (construction), 5, 161. 
iudex potior, 2, 20. 
iugum figere, 4, 28. 
iunctura, 1, 65. 92; 5, 14. 
iura, 5, 137. 
iure, 3, 48. 
ius fasque, 2, 73. 
iustum suspendere, 4, 10. 

labefactent, 4, 40. 

labella uda, 2, 32. 

labello exporrecto, 3, 82. 

labentis annos, 2, 2. 

Labeo Attius, 1, 4. 50. 123 (note). 

laborat vinci, 5, 39. 

laboro scire, 2, 17. . 

labra moves, 5, 1 84. 

prolui, Prol., 1. 
lacerae ratis, 6, 31. 



lactibus unctis, 2, 30. 
laena, 1, 32. 

laetari praetrepidum, 2, 54. 
laevo pectore, 2, 53. 
lagoena, 6, 17. 

sitiente, 3, 92. 
lallare, 3, 18. 
lambunt, Prol., 5. 
\ctfj,7radr]<popia, 6, 61. 
lance gemina, 4, 10. 

magna, 2, 71. 
lapidosa cheragra, 5, 58. 
lapillo meliore, 2, 1. 
laquearibus auratis, 3, 40. 
lare presso, 5, 109. 
largior, 6, 51. 
largire, 6, 32. 
largitor, Prol., 10. 
Laribus donata, 5, 31. 
larvae, 1, 38 (note), 
latet ulcus, 3, 113. 
Latinae fidis, 6, 4. 
lato auro, 4, 44. 
latus dare, 6, 8. 

mundi, 6, 76. 
lautus ponere, 6, 23. 
lavatur, 3, 98. 
Lawyers' fees, 3, 75. 
laxa cervice, 1, 98. 
laxamus seria, 5, 44. 
laxes granaria, 5, 110. 
laxis labris, 3, 102. 
laxum caput, 3, 58. 
lector ferveat, 1, 126. 
legarat, 6, 66. 
legere nebulas, 5, 7. 
leges, 1, 17. 
lemures, 5, 185. 
lenia Surrentina, 3, 93. 
leti memor, 5, 153. 
XevKri r)fifpa, 2, 2. 
levis, sit tibi terra, 1 , 37 (note), 
levis trossulus, 1, 82. 
lex publica, 5, 98. 
libabit, 2, 5. 
libelle, 1, 120. 
liber = play, 1 , 76. 
Liberator Iuppiter, 5, 1 1 4 (note), 
liber pede, 1, 13. 
libertate, 5, 73. 






INDEX. 



221 



Libonis puteal, 4, 49 (note). 

Libra aequali, 5, 47. 

librae ancipitis, 4, 11. 

librat, 1, 86. 

licetur Graecos, 5, 191. 

Licini, 2, 36. 

lictor, 1, 75. 

ineptus, 5, 175. 
Ligus ora, 6,6. 
limen obscenum, 5, 1 65. 
limina frigescant, 1, 109. 
limite dextro, 3, 57. 
limo viridi, 3, 22. 
limum veterem, 4, 29. 
linea, 3, 4. . 
lingua, sub 1., 2, 9. 
linguae pictae, 5, 25. 
lippa propago, 2, 72. 
lippus, 1 , 79 ; 5, 77. 
liquescant in flammas, 2, 47. 
liquido plasmate, 1, 17. 
litabis, 5, 120. 
litabo farre, 2, 75. 
Literary ladies, Prol., 13. 
Litotes, Prol. , 1 ; 1, 19. 
littera canina, 1, 1 10. 

Pythagorea, 3, 56. 
litus, 6, 8. 
locatus, 3, 72. 
loturo, 3, 93. 
lotus, 5, 86. 
lubrica Coa, 5, 135. 
lucem palustrem, 5, 60. 
lucernae dispositae, 5, 181. 
Luciferi rudis, 5, 103. 
Lucilius, 1, 2. 114. 
lucis (AbL), 2, 27. 
lucro vendere, 6, 75. 
luctata canis, 5, 159. 
luctificabile, 1, 78. 
lucum ponere, 1, 70. 
luditur tibi, 3, 20. 
ludo ingenuo, 5, 16. 
lumbum intrant, 1, 20. 
lumine flgentes, 3, 80. 
Lunai portus, 6, 9. 
Lupus, 1, 115. 
lusca saeerdos, 1, 186. 
lusce, 1, 128. 
lusisse, 6, 6. 



lustralibus, 2, 33. 
lutatus amomis, 3, 104. 
lutea gausapa, 6, 46. 

pellis, 3, 95. 
luto, in 1. fixum, 5, 111. 
lutum udum, 3, 23. 
luxura, 1, 67. 
luxuria sollers, 5, 142. 
lyncem, 1, 101. 
lyra, 6, 2. 

M. 

raacram spera, 2, 35. 
Macrinus, 2, 1. 
Maenas, 1, 101. 105. 
Maeonides, 6, 11. 
magister artis, Prol., 10. 
magistrum barbatum, 4, 1. 
magnanimus puer, 6, 22. 
maiestate manus, 4, 8. 
maiorum limina, 1, 108. 
fiaKapiTtjg, 3, 103. 
maligne, 3, 21. 
mammae, 3, 18. 
mando, 2, 39. 
mane, 1, 134. 

clarum, 3, 1. 
manes, 1, 38; 5, 152. 

offerings to, 2, 3. 
manibus quatere, 2, 35. 
Manius, 6, 56. 60. 
mansuescit, 4, 41. 
mantica, 4, 24. 
marcentis vulvas, 4, 36. 
Marcus Dama, 5, 79. 
marem strepitum, 6, 4. 
maris expers, 6, 39. 
Marsi clientis, 3, 75. 
mascula bilis, 5, 144. 
massa, 5, 10. 
massae venas, 2, 67. 
Masuri rubrica, 5, 90. 
matertera, 2, 31 ; .6, 54. 
medendi natura, 5, 101. 
medico, 3, 90. 
Medis bracatis, 3, 52. 
meditari somnia, 3, 83. 
mefites sulpureas, 3, 99. 
meite, 1, 114. 
melior sorbere, 4, 1 6. 



222 



INDEX. 



membrana bicolor, 3, 10. 
memini, Prol., 3. 
memor leti, 5, 153. 
mena, 3, 76. 

Menander, 5, 161 (note), 
mendose colligis, 5, 85. 
mendosum tinnire, 5, 106. 
mens bona, 2, 8. 
mera libertas, 5, 82. 
meracas, 4, 1 6. 
mercare, 6, 75. 
mercede, 2, 29. 
merces faenoris, 6, 67. 
mercibus Italis, 5, 54. 
Mercurialem salivam, 5, 112. 
Mercurius, 2, 44. 

KipdijJog, 6, 62. 
mergis obvia, 6, 30. 
merum fundere, 2, 3. 
Messalinus, 2, 72. 
Messalla, 2, 72. 
messe propria, 6, 25. 
metae flexus, 3, 68. 
metas, 1, 131. 
raetuens divum, 2, 31. 
metuentia scombros, 1, 43. 
metuo with Inf., 1 , 47 ; 4, 28. 
meus, 5, 88. 

Mida rex, 1, 121 (note), 
mille species, 5, 52. 
millesime, 3, 28. 
miluus, 4, 26. 
Mimalloneis, 1 , 99. 
Mimas, 1, 99 (note), 
minui, 6, 16. 
minutum pappare, 3, 17. 
mirae, bene mirae, 1, 111. 
mire opifex, 6, 3. 
mittit, 2, 36. 
mobile, 1, 18. 
mobilis imitari, 1, 59. 
modice sitiente, 3, 92. 
modico ore, 5, 15. 
modicus voti, 5, 109. 
modus, 3, 69. 
molle subrisit, 3, 110. 
momento turbinis, 5, 78. 
monstrari digito, 1 , 28. 
montis promittere, 3, 65. 



mordaci aceto, 5, 86. 
vero, 1, 107. 
mores pallentis, 5,15. 
moretur, 1, 77. 
morientis aceti, 4, 32. 
moror, 1, 111. 
morosa vena, 6, 72. 
moveare, 5, 1 23. 
Mucius, 1, 115. 
muria, 6, 20. 
murice vitiato, 2, 65. 
murmura rodere, 3, 81. 

tollere, 2, 6. 
murmure clauso, 5, 11. 
mutare mercibus, 5, 54. 
muttire, 1, 119. 
Mycenis, 5, 17. 

N. 
nare balba, 1, 33. 
naribus uncis, 1, 41. 
naso cadat ira, 5, 91. 

crispante, 3, 87. 

excusso, 1, 118. 

tangere, 6, 1 7. 
nata fidelibus, 5, 48. 
natalia, 6, 19. 
natalicia, 1, 16. 
natat, 5, 182. 
Natta, 3, 31. 
natura, 5, 98, 101. 
naufragus, 1 , 88 ; 6, 33 (note), 
ne ^ne-quidem, 5, 172. 

omitted, 1, 112. 
-ne in rhetorical questions, 1, 22. 
nebulas legere, 5, 7. 
nectar cantare, Prol., 14. 
nefas, 1, 119. 
negatas, Prol., 11. 
Negative, position of, 1 , 45 ; 2, 3. 
nempe, 2, 70 ; 3, 1 ; 5, 67. 
nepos, 6, 71. 
Nerea, 1 , 94. 
Nerius, 2, 14. 
Nero, supposed allusions to, 1, 56. 

75. 121 ; 4, 49. 
nervis, 2, 41. 
nervos agitare, 5, 129. 
decipere, 4, 45. 
neu, 3, 51 ; 6, 66. 



INDEX. 



223 



nigra sepia, 3, 13. 
nihil de nihilo, 3, 84. 
niti gutture, 5, 6. 
nocte paratura, 1 , 90. 
noctem purgare, 2, 16. 
noctes decerpere, 5, 42. 
nodosa harundo, 3, 1 1 . 
nodum abripit, 5, 159. 
non, position of, 1, 45 ; 2, 
non=ne, 1, 5; 5,45. 
non~nonne, 1, 50. 
nonaria, 1, 133. 
noris, 4, 52. 
nostin, 4, 25. 

nostrum, Prol., 7; 5, 151. 
novimus, 4, 43. 
nox tertia, 3, 91. 
nucibus, 1, 10. 
nugae, 1,5. 

bullatae, 5, 19. 
nugari Graece, 1, 70. 
nugaris, 1, 56. 
nugator, 5, 127. 
Numae aurum, 2, 59. 
numerare diem, 2, 1 . 
numeris, 6, 3. 
numeros, 1, 13; 5, 123. 
nummi dolosi, Prol., 12. 
nummus asper, 3, 70. 
nutrici, 2, 39. 
nutrire nummos, 5, 150. 

O. 

obba, 5, 148. 
oberres, 5, 156. 
oberret, 6, 32. 
obiurgabere, 5, 169. 
obscenum limen, 5, 165. 
obsequio, 5, 156. 
obstipo capite, 3, 80. 
obstiteris, 5, 157. 
obvia mergis, 6, 30. 
occa, 6, 26. 
occipiti, 1, 62. 
occurrite, 1 , 62 ; 3, 64. 
ocello patranti, 1, 18. 
ocima, 4, 22. 
ocius ad navem, 5, 141. 
oculos urentis, 2, 34. 
oenophorum, 5, 140. 

K2 



3,78. 



oflfas carminis, 5, 5. 
officium, 5, 94 ; 6, 27. 
ohe, 1,23. 
oletum, 1 , 112. 
oleum, 6, 50. 
olivo corrupto, 2, 64. 
tangere, 3, 44. 
ollafarrata, 4, 31. 
Prognes, 5, 8. 
omentum, 2, 47 ; 6, 74. 
<£>ocTK07rtK/7, 5, 185. 
operae est, 6, 9. 
opertum, 1, 121. 
opifex, 6, 3. 
opimo ferto, 2, 48. 
opimum pingue, 3, 32. 
optare linguas centum, 5, 2. 
orbis pueris, 2, 20. 
orca, 3, 76. 
orcae angustae, 3, 50. 
ordo, 3, 67. 
ore modico, 5, 15. 
Orestes, 3, 118. 
oscitat, 3, 59. 
o si, 2, 9. 
os populi, 1 , 42. 
ossa, 1, 37. 

ostendisse iuvat, 5, 24. 
ovato auro, 2, 55. 
ovile, 2, 49. 
ovo rupto, 5, 185. 



pacto, 4, 43. 
Pacuvius, 1, 77. 
pagina, 5, 20. 
palaestritae, 4, 39. 
palato, 1, 35. 
Palilia, 1,72. 
pallentis cumini, 5, 55. 
mores, 5, 15. 
palles, 1 , 124 ; 3, 94. 96 ; 4, 47 ; 5, 

80. 184. 
palliatae, 5, 14 (note), 
pallidam Pirenen, Prol., 4. 
pallor, 1, 26. 
palmis, 6, 39. 
palpo, 5, 176. 
palustrem lucem, 5, 60. 
panis secundus, 3, 1 12 (note). 



224 



INDEX. 



pannosam, 4, 32. 
pannucia, 4, 21. 
papae, 5, 79. 
pappare minutum, 3, 1 7, 
paratum nocte, 1 , 90. 
paratus gaudere, 1, 132. 

nescire, 6, 36. 
Parca, 5, 48. 
paria centum, 6, 48. 
Parnaso, Prol., 2. 
Parthi vulnera, 5, 4. 
Participle in questions, 3, 67; 5, 

124. 
parvus, 3, 44. 
patella, 3, 26 ; 4, 17. 
pater quartus, 6, 58. 
paterna "dicta, 6, 66. 
paterni testiculi, 1, 103. 
patinae, 2, 42 ; 6, 21. . 
patranti ocello, 1, 18. 
patriciae vulvae, 6, 73. 
patricius sanguis, 1.61. 
patruelis, 6, 53. 
patrui proneptis, 6, 54. 
patruus, 1,11; 2, 10. 
patula ulmo, 3, 6. 
pavido mihi, 5, 30. 
pavisse, 6, 77. 
pavone, 6, 11. 
peccas, 5, 119. 
peccat (pulpa), 2, 68. 
peccent casiae, 6, 36. 
pectine, 6, 2. 
pectore calido, 5, 1 44. 

laevo, 2, 53.- 

sinuoso, 5, 27. 

sub p. vulpum, 5, 117. 
pecuaria Arcadiae, 3, 9. 
pede liber, 1,*13. 
pedes summos, 3, 1 08. 
Pedius, 1, 85. 
Pegaseium, Prol., 14. 
peioribus orti, 6, 15. 
pelle summa, 4, 14. 
pellem aptas, 5, 140. 
pelliculam, 5, 116. 
pellis lutea, 3, 95. 
Penatis, 2, 45. 
penu locuplete, 3, 74. 
perages, 5, 139. 



peragit bona, 6, 22. 
percussa, 3, 21. 
percute agnam, 5, 168. 
perditus cute, 1, 23. 
perducere facies, 2, 56. 
Perfect, 2, 32. 43 ; 5, 95. 

Inf. See Infinitive. 
pergant sudare, 5, 150. 
perge, 3, 97. 
Pericli, 4, 3. 
perisse frontem, 5, 102. 
perita inhibere, 2, 34. 
permisit sparsisse, 5, 33. 
pernae, 3, 75. 
peronatus, 5, 103. 
pertusa conpita, 4, 28. 
TrtTOjieva SiwKtiv, 3, 60. 
petulanti, 1, 12. 133. 
pexus, 1, 15. 
Phalaris, 3, 39. 
pbaleras, 3, 30. 
Phyllidas, 1,34. 
picam, Prol., 9. 
picas, Prol., 13. 
pictum in trabe, 1 , 89. 
pillea, 5, 82. 
pilleus, 3, 106 (note), 
pilos, ante p., 4, 5. 
pingitur, ut p., 6, 63. 
pingue opimum, 3, 33. 
pinguem nebulam, 5, 181. 
pingui auro, 2, 52. 
pinguibus Umbris, 3, 74. 
pinguior angulus, 5, 14. 
pinsit, 1, 58. 

piper, 3, 75 ; 5, 55. 136 ; 6, 21. 
Pirenen, Prol., 4. 
pituita, 2, 57. 
plantaria, 4, 39. 
plaudere, w. accus. (?), 4, 31. 
plausisse, 6, 77. 
plebeia, 3, 114 ; 5, 18. 
plorabile, 1 , 34. 
Plural, Prol., 6; 1, 75; 2, 33 ; 3, 

79.104; 4,16; 5, 110. 
pluteum caedit, 1 , 106. 
poetas corvos, Prol. , 13. 
poetridas, Prol., 13. 
7roiKiXr} wool, 3, 53. 
polenta, 3, 55. 



INDEX. 



225 



politus fronte, 5, 116. 
pollice, 5, 40. 

honesto, 6, 5. 
Polydamas, 1, 4. 
pondus dare fumo, 5, 20. 
ponere, 1, 53. 70 ; 3, 111; 5,3; 

23. 
pontifices, 2, 69. 
Ponto advehe, 5, 134. 
popa venter, 6, 74. 
popello, 6, 50. 

blando, 4, 15. 
populi rem = rem publicam, 4, 1. 
porci, 1, 72. 

porrum sectile, 4, 30 (note), 
portam, extendit in p., 3, 105. 
porticus sapiens, 3, 54. 
postibus, 6, 45. 
postica sanna, 1 , 62. 
postquam, 3, 90. 
pote, 1, 56. 
potis, 4, 13. 
praebet vellere, 2, 28. 
praecedenti tergo, 4, 24. 
praecipites imus, 3, 42. 
praecordia, 1, 117; 5, 22. 
praedictum, 5, 188. 
praefigere theta, 4, 1 3. 
praegrandi, 1, 124. 
praelargus, 1, 14. 
praeparet auster, 6, 12. 
praeponere, 2, 1 8. 
praestantior, 6, 76. 
praetegit, 4, 45. 
praetor, 5, 88. 93. 
praetrepidum laetari, 2, 54. 
praetulerint, 1 , 5. 
prandeat, 3, 85. 
prandia plebeia, 5, 18. 

post p. Calliroen, 1, 134. 

regum, 1 , 67. 
premere ratione, 5, 39. 

ventos, 5, 11. 
presso Lave, 5, 109. 
primas noctes, 5, 42. 
primordia vocum, 6, 3. 
proceres, 1, 52. 
procerum, 2, 5. 
prodirem, Prol. , 3. 
producis, 6, 19. 



progenies terrae, 6, 57. 
Prognes olla, 5, 8. 
pro Iuppiter, 2, 22. 
Prolepsis, 3, 5. 
prolui, Prol., 1. 
promittere montis, 3, 65. 
promptum, 2, 6. 
proneptis patrui, 6, 53. 
properandus, 3, 23. 
protenso, 1, 57. 
protinus, 1, 110. 
protulerim, 1, 89. 
proxima uxor, 3, 43. 
prudentia rerum, 4, 4. 
psittaco, Prol., 8. 
pubis Germanae, 6, 44. 
Pubbus, 5, 74. 
puer, 5, 167; 6,22. 
Pulfennius, 5, 190. 
pullatis (?), 5, 19. 
pulmentaria, 3, 102. 
pulmo praelargus, 1, 14. 
pulmone, 2, 30. 
pulmonem rumpere, 3, 27. 
pulpa, 2, 63. 
pulsa, 5, 24. 
pultes, 6, 40. 
puneto certo, 5, 100. : 
pupae, 2, 70. 
pupille, 4, 3. 
pupillum, 2, 12. 
puppe, in p. dii, 6, 30. 
Puppets, 5, 1 28. 
pura voce, 5, 28. 
purgare noctem, 2, 1 6. 
purgatas aures, 5, 63. 
purpura custos, 5, 30. 
purum salinum, 3, 25. 
puta, 4, 9. 
puteal, 4, 49. 
putet, 3, 73. 
putre ulcus, 3, 114. 
putris, 5, 58. 
Pythagoras, 3, 56 (note), 
Pythagoreo, 6, 11. 



Q- 



quaesieris, 4, 25. 
quamvis, 5, 70. 
quando, 1, 46. 



226 



INDEX. 



quandoque = quandocwnque, 4, 28. 

Quartan ague, 3,91. 

quartus pater, 6; 57. 

quatere manibus, 2, 35. 

que-que, Prol. , 4. 

quid agis, 3, 5. 

quidnam, 2, 29. 

quin, w. indie, 2, 71 ; 4, 14. 

w. subjunct. , 1 , 84. 
quincunce modesto, 5, 149. 
Quinti, 1, 73. 

Quintus Ennius, Prol. , 1; 6, 11. 
quippe, 1, 88. 
Quiritem, 5, 75. 
Quirites, 3, 108 ; 4, 8. 
quis = qui, 1, 63. 68. 
= uter (?), 2, 20. 
quisquam, 1, 112; 5, 83. 128. 
quisque = quicumque, 5, 73. 
quo with Inf. , 1 , 24. 
quod si, Prol., 12. 
quorsum, 5, 5. 

R. 

R for L by dissimilation, 1, 72. 
rabiosa silentia, 3, 81. 
radere, 1, 107; 3, 114; 5, 15. 
raderet, 3, 50. 
ramale, 1, 97. 
ramalia, 5, 59. 
ramos Samios, 3, 56. 
ramosa compita, 5, 35. 
ramum ducere, 3, 28. 
rancidulum, 1, 33. 
rapiant hunc, 2, 38. 
rapias Aegaeum, 5, 142. 
rapidae vitae, 5, 94. 
rara avis, 1 , 46. 
rasis antithetis, 1 , 85. 
rasisse, 2, 68. 
rastro, 2, 11. 
ratio, 5, 96. 119. 
ratione, 3, 36 ; 5, 39. 
ratis, 6, 31. 
rauco murmure, 5, 11. 
recens piper, 5, 136. 
recenti sole, 5, 54. 
toga, 1, 15. 
receptare se, 6, 8. 
recessus mentis, 2, 73. 



recto talo, 5, 104. 

rectum discernere, 4, 11. 

recusem minui, 6, 15. 

recutita sabbata, 5, 184. 

redire in rugam, 6, 79. 

reduco funem, 5, 118. 

refulserit, Prol. , 12. 

regina, 2, 37. 

regula, 4, 12; 5,38. 

regum = procerum, 1, 67 ; 3, 1 7. 

regustatum salinum, 5, 138. 

Relative w. subjunct., 3, 114. 

relaxat, 5, 125. 

relego, 5, 118. 

relicta (virtute), 3, 38. . 

relictam vitam, 5, 61. 

rem populi, 4, 1 . 

remitto, Prol. , 5. 

Remus, 1 , 73. 

reparabilis, 1, 102. 

repone, 6, 66. 

requiescere, 3, 90. 

rerum prudentia, 4, 4. 

resignent, 5, 28. 

respondere maligne, 3, 22. 

respue, 4, 51. 

restas, 3, 97. 

retecti dentes, 3, 101. 

revello, 5, 92. 

rex, 2, 37. 

Rhenos, 6, 47. 

Rhetorical question, with -ne, 1 , 22. 

rhombos, 6, 23. 

ridere crassum, 5, 190. 

meum, 1, 122. 
rimas extendere, 3, 2. 
rite salit, 3, 111. 
ritu generis, 6, 59. 
rixanti populo, 5, 1 78. 
robusti carminis, 5, 5. 
rodere casses, 5, 170. 

murmura, 3, 81. 
Roma turbida, 1 , 5. 
Romule, 1, 87. 
Romulidae, 1, 31. 
rosa fiat, 2, 38. 
rota acri, 3, 24. 

curras, 5, 72. 
rubellum, 5, 147. 
rubra solea, 5, 169. 



INDEX. 



227 



rubrica, 1 , 66 ; 5, 90. 
rudere, 3, 9. 
rudis Luciferi, 5, 103. 
rugam, in r. redire, 6, 79. 
rugosum piper, 5, 55. 
rumore sinistro, 5, 164. 
rumpere buccas, 5, 13. 

pulmonem, 3, 27. 
runcare, 4, 36. 
rus saturum, 1, 71. 

S. 
sabbata recutita, 5, 1 84. 
Sabino foco, 6, 1. 
sacerdos, 5, 186. 
sacras fades, 2, 55. 
sacrum piper, 6, 21. 
salinum purum, 3, 25. 

terebrare, 5, 138. 
salit cor, 3, 111. 
saliva summa, 1, 104. 
salivam Mercurialem, 5, 112. 

turdarum, 6, 24. 
salivis lustralibus, 2, 33. 
salutas, 3, 29. 
sambucam, 5, 95. 
Samios raraos, 3, 56. 
sancte, 2, 15. 
sancto, in s., 2, 69. 
sanctos recessus, 2, 73. 
sanguis fervescit, 3, 116. 

patricius, 1, 61. 
sanna rugosa, 5, 91. 
sannae posticae, 1, 62. 
saperdam, 5, 134. 
sapere deterius, 4, 21. 

hoc, 6, 38. 
sapiens porticus, 3, 53. 
sapimus patruos, 1,11. 
sapit, 1, 106. 
sardonyche, 1, 16. 
sartago, 1 , 80. 
(rapZ, 2, 63. 
satur, 5, 56 ; 6, 71. 
saturi, 1, 31. 
Saturnia aera, 2, 59. 
Saturnum gravem, 5, 50. 
saturum, 1, 71. 
satyrum, 5, 123. 
saxa, 6, 27. 



scabiosum far, 5, 74. 

scabiosus, 2, 13. 

scalpuntur, 1, 21. 

scelerata pulpa, 2, 63. 

scilicet, 1, 15; 2, 19; 4,4. 

scinderis, 5, 154. 

scintillant oculi, 3, 117. 

scire tuum, 1, 27. 

scis, 1, 53 ; 4, 10. 

scloppo, 5, 13. 

scombros, 1, 42. 

scopuli, 6, 8. 

scribimus inclusi, 1, 13. 

scrobe, 1, 119. 

scutica, 5, 131. 

secretam aurem, 5, 96. 

secreti loquimur, 5, 21. 

sectabere, 5, 71. 

secto pulvere, 1, 131. 

secuit urbem, 1, 114. 

secundo axe, 5, 72. 

secura patella, 3, 26. 

securus vulgi, 6, 12. 

sede celsa, 1, 17. 

seductior, 6, 42. 

seductis divis, 2, 4. 

seductum, 5, 143. 

semipaganus, Prol., 6. 

semuncia recti, 5, 121. 

sene praegrandi, 1, 124. 

senes, 6, 6. 

senio dexter, 3, 48. 

senio minui, 6, 16. 

senium, 1, 26. 

sepeli — sepelii, 3, 97. 

sepia nigra, 3, 13. 

sequaces, Prol., 6. 

Sequence of Tenses, 1,4; 5, 107. 

sequi = sectari, Prol., 11 ; 5, 14. 

seria argenti, 2, 11. 

seria laxamus, 5, 44. 

seriolae, 4, 291 

Serpent worship, 1, 113. 

servas vulpem, 5, 117. 

servitium acre, 5, 127. 

sesquipede, 1, 57. 

sessilis obba, 5, 148. 

severos unguis, 1, 64. 

si = elye, 5, 173. 

sic, Prol. , 3. 



228 



INDEX. 



siccas messes, 3, 5. 
siccis cognatis, 5, 163. 
Siculi iuvenci, 3, 39. 
sidere, ab uno s. duci, 5, 46. 
signum lagoenae, 6, 17. 
silentia fecisse, 4, 7. 

rodere, 3, 81. 
siliquis pasta, 3, 55. 
simpuvia, 2, 59 (uote). 
sin, 5, 115. 
sinciput, 6, 70. 
singultiet, 6, 72. 
sinistro genio, 4, 27. 

rumore, 5, 164. 
sinu Socratico, 5, 37. 
sinuoso pectOre, 5, 27. 
sis = sivis, 1, 108. 
sistro, 5, 186. 
sitiente camelo, 5, 136. 

lagoena, 3, 92. 
sive =vel si, 1, 67. 
Socrates, 4, 1 (note). 
Socratico sinu, 5, 37. 
sodes, 3, 89. 
sole assiduo, 4, 18. 
recenti, 5, 54. 
solea rubra, 5, 1 69. 
soles longos, 5, 41. 
solid urn crepet, 5, 25. 
sollers, 5, 142. 

fallere, 5, 37. 

nosse, 6, 24. 
Solon es, 3, 79. . 
somniasse, Prol., 2. 
somno inriguo, 5, 56. 
sonare vitium, 3, 21. 
sorbere melior, 4, 1 6. 
sorbet, 4, 32. 
sorbitio, 4, 2. 
sordidus, 1, 128. 

CWpiTTjQ, 6, 80. 

sparsisse oculos, 5, 33. 

speciem veri, 5, 105. 

species hominum, 5, 52. 

spirare surduni, 6, 35. 

Spleen, the seat of laughter, 1, 12. 

splene petulant!, 1, 12. 

spondente, 5, 79. 

spumosum, 1 , 96. 

Staienus, 2, 19 (note). . 



Staius, 2, 19. 22. 

stare contra, 5, 96. 

Steelyard, 5, 100. 

stemmate Tusco, 3, 28. 

steriles veri, 5, 75. 

stertimus, 3, 3. 

stertis, 3, 58. 

Stoic catechism, 3, 67 ; 5, 104. 

stolidam barbam, 2, 28. 

strepitum marem, 6, 4. 

strigiles, 5, 126. 131. 

stingere venas, 2, 66. 

struere rem, 2, 44. 

studere (absol.), 3, 19. 

stupet vitio, 3, 32. 

stuppas, 5, 135. 

subaerato auro, 5, 106. 

subdite rebus, 5, 124. 

subduximus, 1 , 95. 

subeas dominos, 5, 155. 

subere, 1, 97. 

subiere, 3, 106. 

subiit, 2, 55. 

subit inter curva rectum, 4, 11. 

tremor, 3, 1 10. 
subrisit molle, 3, 1 10. 
subsellia, 1, 82. 
Subura, 5, 32. 
succinctis Laribus, 5, 31. 
succinctus, 5, 140. 
succinis ambages, 3, 20. 
sudans pater, 3, 47. 
sudare deunces, 5, 150. 
sudes, 2, 53. 
suffla, 4, 20. 
sulco terens, 1, 73. 
sulpure sacro, 2, 25. 
sulpureas mefites, 3, 99. 
sumen calidum, 1 , 53. 
summa boni, 4, 17. 
summae dest aliquid, 6, 64. 
summos pedes, 3, 108. 
supellex, 4, 52. 
superbo vitulo, 1, 100. 
supinus, 1, 129. 
supplantat, 1, 35. 
supposita face, 3, 116. 
supposui, 5, 36. 
surda vota, 6, 28. . 
surdum spirare, 6, 35. 



INDEX. 



229 



surgentem callem, 3, 57. 
surgit pellis, 3, 95. 
Surrentina, 3, 93. 
suscipis, 5, 36. 
suspendere lance, 4 r 10. 

naso, 1, 118. 

tempora, 5, 47. 

T. 
tabellas adsigna, 5, 81. 
tabula caerulea, 6, 33. 
Tadius, 6, 66. 
tali (game), 3, 48 (note), 
talo recto, 5, 104. 
tandem, 1, 1G; 3, 103. 
tange venas, 3, 107. 
tantae quantum, 1, 60. 
tectoria linguae, 5, 25. 
temone, 5, 70. 
temperat, 5, 51. 
tempore, vi'vis ex t., 3, 62. 
temptemus fauces, 3, 1 13. 
tenax veri, 5, 48. 
tendere versum, 1, 65. 
teneat actus, 5, 99. 
tenero columbo, 3, 1 6. 

palato, 1, 35. 
tenuia (trisyllab.), 5, 94. 
tenuis salivas, 6, 21. 
ten us, 6, 25. 
tepidum, 1, 84. 
terebrare salinum, 5, 138. 
terens sulco, 1, 73. 
teres ore, 5, 15. 
terrae films, 6, 59. 

progenies, 6, 57. 
tertia nox, 3, 91. 
tesserula, 5, 74. 
testaque lutoque, 3, 61. 
testiculi, 1, 1 03. 
tetigisse signum, 6, 17. 
tetrico pectine, 6, 2. 
theta nigrum, 4, 13. 
Thyestae olla, 5, 8. 
tbynni cauda, 5, 1 83. 
Tiberino in gurgite, 2, 1 5. 
timor albus, 3, 115. 
tincta veneno, 3, 37. 
tinniat mendosum, 5, 106. 
Titos ingentis, 1, 20. 



toga recenti, 1, 15. 
togae verba, 5, 14. 
tollat munera cerdo, 4, 51. 
tolle piper, 5, 136. 
ut volo, 5, 87. 
tollere susurros, 2, 7. 
tollit = sustulit, 4, 2. 
torosa iuventus, 3, 86. 
torquere buxum, 3, 51. 
torva cornua, 1, 99. 
trabe fracta, 1, 89. 

rupta, 6, 27. 

vasta, 5, 141. 
trabeate, 3, 29. 
tragoedo maesto, 5, 3. 
traham voce, 5, 28. 
Trajection, 1, 23; 6,13. 
trama figurae, 6, 73. 
transcendere nummum, 5, 
transilias mare, 5, 146. 
transisse, 5, 60. 
transtro, 5, 147. 
transvectio, 3, 29 (note), 
tremor subit, 3, 100. 
tremulos cachinnos, 3, 87. 
trepida, 1 , 74. 
trepidare, 1 , 20 ; 5, 1 70. 
trepidas mentes, 5, 35. 
trepidat, 3, 88. 
tressis agaso, 5, 76. 
triental calidum, 3, 100. 
triplex, 6, 78. 
triste bidental, 2, 27. 
trita lacerna, 1, 54. 
tritavus, 6, 57 (note). 
Troiades, 1 , 4. 
trossulus, 1, 82. 
trutina, 1, 5. 
trutinari verba, 3, 82. 
tuba, 3, 103. 
tucceta crassa, 2, 42. 
tumebit cutis, 3, 63. 
tumet bile, 2, 14. 

fidelia, 5, 183. 
tunicatum caepe, 4, 30. 
turbid a Roma, 1,5. 
turbinis momento, 5, 78. 
turdarum salivas, 6, 24. 
ture litabis, 5. 120. 
turgescat pagina, 5, 20. 



111. 



230 



INDEX. 



turgescere somno, 5, 56. 

turgescit bilis, 3, 8. 

turgidus, 3, 98. 

tus, 5, 135. 

Tusco stemmate, 3, 22. 

Tuscum fictile, 2, 60. 

tutor, 3, 96. 

, U. 

uda labella, 2, 32. 
udas fores, 5, 165. 
udo, in udo esse, 1, 105. 
ulcus putre, 3, 1 13. 
ulterior cinere, 6, 41. 
ultra, 3, 15. 
umbo candidus, 5, 33. 
umbra quinta, 3, 4. 
Umbris pinguibus, 3, 74. 
uncta fenestra, 5, 180. 

patella, 4, 17. 

pulmentaria, 3, 102. 
uncto, sine uncto cenare, 6, 16. 
unctus, 4, 33. 
uncus, 5, 154 (note), 
unde, 1, 73. 
undique, 3, 59. 
ungue caules, 6, 68. 
unguine crasso, 6, 40. 
unguis severos, 1 , 65. 
unum opus, 5, 43. 
V7r$dtiv, 3, 20. 
v7roaKe\iZfiv, 1 , 35. 
v7r6\akKOQ , 5, 106. 
urentis oculos, 2, 34. 
urnas Vestalis, 2, 60. 
urtica, 6, 70. 
usque adeo, 1, 26. 
usum vitae, 5, 94. 
usus rerum, 5, 52. 
ut omitted, 1, 56. 
uxor proxima, 3, 43. 

V. 

vafer, 1, 116. 132; 6,20. 
vago inguine, 6, 72. 
vallis = sinus, 6, 8. 
vanescere, 3, 13. 
vapida lagoena, 6, 1 7. 

pice, 5, 148. 
vapido pectore, 5, 117. 



vaporata aure, 1, 126. 
vappa, 5, 77. 

varicosos centuriones, 5, 189. 
varo (baro), 5, 138. 
varo genio, 6, 18. 
pede, 4, 12. 
vatibus, 5, 1. 
vatum, Prol., 7. 
ve-, 1, 97. 

ve or vel redundant (?), 3, 29. 
vegrandi, 1, 97. 
Veientanum rubellum, 5, 147. 
vel duo, vel nemo, 1, 3. 
Velina, 5, 73. 
velle suum, 5, 53. 

with perf. inf., 1, 41. 91. 
vellere barbam, 1, 133 ; 2, 28. 
vellus Calabrum, 2, 65. 
velox, 4, 4. 
vena singultiet, 6, 72. 
testiculi, 1, 103. 
venas conpositas, 3, 91. 

stringere, 2, 66. 

tangere, 3, 107. 
vendo = vendito, 1 , 1 22. 
veneno ferventi, 3, 37. 
Veneri donatae pupae, 2, 70. 
venire with the dative, 6, 39. 
venosus, 1 , 76. 
venter, Prol., 11 ; 3, 98. - 
ventis rumpere, 3, 27. 
ventos premere, 5, 11. 
veratro, 1, 51. 
verba dare, 3, 1 9 ; 4, 45. 

togae, 5, 14. 
verecunda mensa, 5, 44. 
veri speciem, 5, 105. 
vernae discincto, 4, 22. 
verrucosa, 1, 77. 
versum cludere, 1, 93. 
tendere, 1, 65. 
verte aliquid, 5, 137. 
verterit, 5, 78. 
vertigo, 5, 76. 
verumne, 3, 7. 
Vestalis urnas, 2, 60. 
vetare superos, 2, 43. 
vetavit, 5, 90. 
veteres avias, 5, 92. 
vetitos actus, 5, 99. 



INDEX. 



231 



veto fiixit, 1, 112. 
Vettidius, 4, 25. 
vetule, 1, 22. 
viatica, 5, 65. 
vibice, 4, 49. 
vicinia, 4, 46. 
vide, 1, 108. 
vigila, 5, 177. 
•vinand vis, 1,56; 6, 63. 
vinci laborat, 5, 39. 
vindicta, 5, 88. 125. 
violae, 1 , 40. 
violas, 5, 182. 
Virbi clivus, 5, 56. ' 
viridi limo, 3, 22. 
vis dicam, 1, 56. 
visceratio, 6, 50 (note), 
vitae rapidae, 5, 94. 
vitiabit agendo, 5, 97. 
vitiarunt pultes, 6, 40. 
vitiato murice, 2, 65. 
vitio praefigere theta, 2, 6 

stupet, 3, 32. 

utitur, 2, 68. 



vitium sonare, 3, 21. 

vitrea bills, 3, 8. 

vitulo superbo, 1, 100. 

vivere nostrum, 1, 9. 

vivitur, 4, 43 ; 5, 53. 

vivo caespite, 6, 31. 

vivunt chordae, 6, 2. 

vixisse, 4, 17. 

Vocative in the predicate, 1, 123; 

3,28. 
voce pura, 5, 28. 
voces centum, 5, 1. 
vomere nebulam, 5, 181. 
voti modicus, 5, 109. 
voto aperto, 2, 7. 

in voto esse, 3, 49. 
vulnera Parthi, 5, 4. 
vulnus caecum, 4, 44. 
vulpem astutam, 5, 117. 
vulvae patriciae, 6, 73. 
vulvas marcentis, 4, 36. 

Z. 

Zeugma, 3,75; 5, 114. 185. 



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